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Lecture 18 The Rise of the
European Kingdoms
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-- England 1066 King Harold defeated by
William of Normandy (Norman conquest) results
from Viking raids French allow Vikings to
colonize northern France in return for protection
from other Viking raiders -- By 1013 Viking
attacks in England cause Anglo-Saxon kings to
flee to Normandy until 1042 -- Power vacuum
created by death of Anglo-Saxon King Edward in
1066 invites invasion of King Harald of Norway
who is defeated but England left weak, causing
next invasion by William of Normandy -- Battle
of Hastings results in Norman conquest of
England Domesday Book (survey of population for
tax purposes) supremacy of French culture in
England
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-- By 12th c. Henry II (Plantagenet) creates
monarchial state marries Eleanor of Aquitaine,
whose former husband is Louis VII of
France -- Power of Church reduced after death of
Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury (clergy
can now be tried in civil courts) England has
first written law code, which is basis of
common law -- Richard I (the Lion Heart)
begins Third Crusade and defends territory
against Philip II of France brother John loses
Normandy and other territories in France --
King Johns unpopularity leads to armed rebellion
with nobles Magna Carta agreement imposing
legal limits on king -- By end of 10th c. France
ruled by Capetian kings France
only Isle-de-France (small area around Paris)
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-- Philip II Augustus (1180-1223) returns
Normandy, Maine, Anjou and Aquitaine to
French -- By 1200s France most powerful kingdom
in Europe -- In 13th c. papal-royal crusade
against Albigensian or Cathar heretics leads to
incorporation of Languedoc in France -- 1302
King Philip IV creates estates general
representative parliament of Church (1st
estate), Nobility (2nd estate) and towns (3rd
estate) -- Germany (Holy Roman Empire) develops
from East Frankish kingdom of East
Francia -- 913-936 Franks, Saxons, Swabians and
Bavarians unite under Duke Henry of Saxony, who
becomes King of the Germans
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-- 951 Otto the Great adds Lombardy, defeats
Slavs and Magyars and is crowned Holy Roman
Empire 1033 Burgundy added -- Son, Henry III
supports Cluniac reform of the Church (Peace
of God, prohibition against simony, celibacy of
priests) -- After 1077 German emperor forced to
recognize authority of pope 1122 Concordat of
Worms (reconciliation of Henry IV and Pope
Gregory VII after dispute regarding appointment
to ecclesiastic offices) -- After 1100 new
towns founded around imperial strongholds rather
than churches towns establish municipal rights
and liberties (Imperial Free Cities) ruled by
patricians (merchants) -- 1152 1190 cities
join Hanseatic League under Frederick I
(Barbarossa) empire reaches its peak 1212-1250
Frederick II recovers Jerusalem
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-- 1226 Frederick orders Teutonic Knights to
conquer Prussia many German cities established
along Baltic Sea throughout 1300s Germany
involved foremost in crusades -- Between
1000-1300, reforming clerics in Christian Church
create Catholic orthodoxy as it is today
(celibacy, no buying of Church offices,
centralized control) -- Reform begun in Burgundy
(eastern France) at Abbey of Cluny (Cluniac
reform) -- Pope Leo IX (1049-1054) begins papal
reform changes office of cardinal to include
reforming clerics from all over Europe who
elect pope directly -- Pope Gregory VII
(1073-1085) forced into exile after King Henry
IV of Germany challenges him over secular
rulers right to elect church officials
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-- Concordat of Worms compromise between the
German kings and the Church which allowed Church
to appoint church officials but bishops
required to pay homage to kings -- High Middle
Ages sees rise of cults of saints through
prayer saints would intervene in daily lives of
individuals -- Indulgences (forgiveness for
sins) could be purchased, lessening time in
purgatory -- Church defines the sacraments for
the first time baptism, marriage, the
Eucharist, confession, and extreme unction
become essential to Christian life after 4th
Lateran Council in 1215, annual confession
becomes mandatory -- Response to growing wealth
and influence of the Church would be
anti-clericism and development of new sects
(Catharism/ Albigensianism) and new
fundamentalist religious orders
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-- Franciscans founded by St. Francis of Assisi
(1182-1226) Dominicans by Dominic de Guzman
(1170-1221) both preach virtue of poverty and
establish schools Beguines (order of nuns who
begged or worked at menial jobs) -- Waldensians
founded by Peter Waldo in 1173 attempt to
preach the Bible in the vernacular (French)
criticized wealth of priests, which undermined
power of Church leaders, they were condemned as
heretics -- Albigensians (or Cathari pure)
from southern French town of Albi, combined
dislike of Churchs wealth and power with
belief in two gods god of good who reigned over
the spirit, god of evil who reigned over world
of matter -- Albigensians believed in
reincarnation, rejection of material
life, physical appetites massacred during
crusades lead by Pope Innocent II in over 20
year period beginning in in 1208
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-- During High Middle Ages, Jews forced into
position of second-class citizens forced to
wear identifying clothing and prevented from
working in the trades -- After 4th Lateran
Council, Pope Innocent requires that Jews wear
yellow badges or ribbons, special veils and
cloaks and live in separate neighborhoods to
distinguish themselves from Christians -- 1290
King Edward of England expels the Jews from
England -- In the 13th century, the Church
identifies homosexuals as Muslim and Albigensian
heretics -- By High Middle Ages, Church grows
powerful enough to hire soldiers and officials
to enforce its narrow interpretation of
Christianity on its followers and many turn away
from it