3'3 Molecules of life

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3.3 Molecules of life
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Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are organic compounds made out of
  carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
• Monomers of carbohydrates are called
  monosaccharides.
• Monosaccharides have a ratio of 1-2-1 for C-H-O.
• Isomers are atomically the same but structurally
  different, Glucose, fructose and galactose are
  all C6H12O6

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Disaccharide and Polysaccharides

• A disaccharide is a double sugar, formed from the
  condensation of monosaccharides
• Polysaccharides are three or more sugars.
• Animals store Glucose as glycogen, which is many
  glucose in a branched chain.
• Plants store glucose as starch and cellulose.
• Cellulose gives strength to wood

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Proteins

• Proteins are organic macromolecules made of and
  C, H, O, N
• Proteins make up a most of muscles and skin.
• Enzymes are mostly proteins.

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Amino Acids

• Amino Acids are the monomer building blocks of
  proteins.
• There are 20 amino acids that make all proteins
  and enzymes.
• All amino acids are structurally the same except
  for an r group.

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Dipeptides and Polypeptides

• The bond between amino acids are called peptide
  bonds formed by condensation reactions
• Dipeptides are two amino acids, Polypeptides are
  three or more.
• The order and total number of amino acids
  determine the shape and function of proteins.

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Enzymes

• Enzymes are organic catalysts that are proteins.
• The enzyme reaction depends on a structural fit
  between enzyme and substrate
• When an enzyme and substrate combine the enzyme
  changes shape slightly.
• The change in shape weakens bonds and breaks the
  substrate.
• The reaction does not change the enzyme.

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Lipids

• Lipids are nonpolar organic molecules, that do
  NOT dissolve in water.
• Lipids have a higher carbon-hydrogen ratio than
  carbohydrates.
• Carbon-hydrogen bonds store more energy than
  carbon-oxygen.

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Fatty Acids

• Are a type of lipid with an unbranched carbon
  chain and a polar carboxyl head.
• The carboxyl end of a fatty acid is hydrophilic
  and likes water.
• The nonpolar carbon chain is hydrophobic and does
  not like water.

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Complex lipids

• There are three divisions of complex lipids.
• The lipids are divided by their structure,
  Triglycerides, phospholipids, and waxes.
• A triglyceride is made of three fatty acids
  attached to a glycerol.
• Triglycerides come on two flavors saturated and
  unsaturated
• Saturated have all single bonds in the carbon
  chain, are solids at room temp.

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Complex Lipids

• Unsaturated lipids have double bonds in its
  carbon chain and are liquids at room temp.
• Phospholipids only have two fatty acids attached
  to the glycerol along with a phosphate group.
• Phospholipids make up most of the cell membrane.
• The inability of phospholipids to dissolve in
  water and its polar head makes it good membrane.

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Waxes

• Waxes are a type of structural lipid
• Waxes are long fatty acid chains attached to long
  alcohol chains.
• Waxes are highly waterproof and are used to
  conserve water in plants.

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Steroids

• Unlike other lipids steroids are not long chains,
  are fused carbon rings with functional groups
  attached.
• Many hormones such as testosterone and
  cholesterol are steroids.

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Nucleic acids

• Nucleic acids are long complex molecules that
  store important info for the cell.
• DNA and RNA are structurally similar both are the
  used to carry the heredity info for living things
• DNA and RNA are both macromolecules composed of
  monomers called nucleotides.