SOCIAL GROUPS

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Chapter 22 Environment and Society
The objective of this chap is to learn

• What are environmental issues?
• Why do we study the Ecosystem?
• How can we do to conserve
• finite resources, reduce waste and
• pollution, and control the size of the
• worlds population?

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Social Facts from out Planet - What a Killing
Field!
1. Air pollutant 2. Acid Rain 3. Contaminated
Seas and Oceans, Polluted Rivers 4. Deforestation
5. Desertification 6. Greenhouse effect -gt
Global Warming 7. Landfill, Land at Risk of the
Sea 8. Lost habitat, Vanished species, Species
at risk 9. The Ozone Layer Depletion 10.
Threads to wildlife 11. Apocalypse Will
human beings overwhelm the earth?
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Deforestation
Once the vast tropical rainforests are fast
vanishing as people clear the land for logging,
farming and ranching. A shows extent of tropical
forest destroyed since 1940 B shows to the 1990.
The world rainforests are now just half size of
their original size, and they continue to shrink
1 per year. At this loss rate, the rainforests
will vanish before the end of this century.
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Lost Habitat
Habitat destruction is the chief reason why
species are becoming extinct. The diagram shows
percentage of wildlife habitat lost by 1990s for
six countries with great biological diversity.
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Acid Rain
1.Factories and power stations emit sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen oxides 2.These gases combine
with water in the droplets to form clouds.
3.Winds blow acidic clouds far form their source
of pollution. 4. Acid rain acidifies the soil
and kill trees.5.Acidified runoff flows into
lakes kills fish6. Acidified ground water seeps
into lakes and kill fish.
Contribution to acid rain pollution
1. Power Stations 2. Road Traffic 3.
Industry 4. Homes 5. Commerce 6. Refineries 7.
Rail Traffic
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Desertification
Soil misuse threatens to turn huge tracts of
mainly semiarid and into deserts. The map show
threatened regions. Most lies in or near tropical
or subtropical part of the world. Deforestation,
over cropping and overgrazing expose volunerable
soils to air and rain. Then wind and water
erosion strips away the topsoil.
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Species at Risk
Many of the species at risk could prove to be
valuable sources of new medicines, foods or
stores of genes to be used in breeding new crops
In a century when humans have made great strides
in science and technology, we still have no idea
how many species of living organisms-animals,
plants, fungi, bacteria, and protists-share the
Earth with us estimates of the world unnamed
and undiscovered range from 4 to 100 million.
Many of the species will remain unknown because
they will become extinct before they can be
discovered. Most of us are aware of large
animals becoming extinct- the dodo for example,
and current threats to large animals such as blue
whale and black rhino. However, there are many
smaller plants and animals facing extinction
daily through the mass destruction of their
habitats a prime example of this is the
destruction of the tropical forests and the
ecosystems with the richest biological diversity
on Earth.
Vanishing for good species 1. Plants 38,000
2. Invertebrates 2,250 3. Brids 1,047 4.
Fishes 762 5. Mammals 698 6. Reptiles 191 7.
Amphibians 63
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Vanished Species
Between 1600 and 1990, 310 of 1,400,000 listed
animal species became extinct. 1. Roberts
Stonebly, one of 96 extinct invertebrates 2.
Pahranagat, spinedace, one of 24 extinct fish 3.
Reunion skink, one of 20 extinct reptiles and
amphibians 4. Dodo, one of 116 extinct birds 5.
Quagga, one of 54 extinct mammals.
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Landfill
1. United States 200.000,000 60 2, Japan
40,225,000 12 3. Germany,W
20,780,000 6 4. U.K.
15,816,000 4.5 5. France
15,500,000 4.3 6. Italy
14,041,000 4 7. Canada
12,600,000 3.5 8. Australia
10,000,000 3
Dumping urban wastes consumes vast areas of land
with landfill that expands with cities and their
mounting waste disposal needs. Comparing eight
countries annual household waste production (in
metric, and long, tons) gives an idea of the
problems scale.
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How long does it take? Various articles in the
household garbage take vastly different times to
bio-degrade. . Banana peel 3-4 weeks. . Paper
bag 1 month. . Plastic bag 1 million years. .
Cotton rag5 months. . Wool sock 1 year. .
Aluminum can 200-500 years. . Leather shoe
40-50 years. . Styrofoam cup For ever . Tin can
50-100 years . Wood 10-15 years .Glass bottle
Unknown
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High income societies account for 15 of
humanity, but use 80 of all energy.
An average U.S. citizens consumption compared to
those of an underdeveloped country. 1. 1 billion
pounds of solid waste everyday 2. 50 times
more steel 3. 170 times more newspapers 4. 250
times more gasoline 5. 300 times more plastic
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Depletion of Fuel
Most energy consumed in the industrial world
comes from burning fossil fuels coal, oil, and
natural gas. As fossil fuel supplies run down,
scientists explore alternatives to these and
nuclear energy with its risk of major accident.
Renewable sources of energy include sunshine,
wind, waves, tides, rivers, and biomass (burnable
organic waste and crops). Also hot rocks yield
geothermal energy.
Fossil fuels burned ( millions of tons)
1. Oil 2. All Fossil Fuel
1600 2000 2400 2800
3200 A.D.
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Main Air Pollutants
During 5 days in 1952, an especially thick haze
that hung over London killed 4,000 people. 200
million vehicles in the U.S.keep the air clean
remains a challenge.
Sources of pollution 1. Power stations 2.
Factories 3. Forest fines 4.
Automobiles 5. Aircraft 6.
Ships 7. Domestic burning 8. Air conditioning
system 9. Farm fertilizers 10.
Refrigerators 11. Some aerosols 12. Foam
blowing 13. Rice paddies 14. Garbage dumps
Main Air Pollutants The main air pollutants are
carbon dioxide (CO2), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
methane (CH4), nitrogen oxides (Nox), and sulfur
dioxide (SO2).
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The Greenhouse Effect
Largely man-made gases (carbon dioxide,
chlorofluorocarbons, methane) accumulate in air,
warming the atmosphere as the diagram shows.
1. Atmosphere 2. Incoming solar radiation 3.
Outgoing radiation, reflected by the
Earths surface 4. Heat escaping into
space 5. Heat readiated by gases, like a
greenhouse roof, trap outgoing solar radiation.
Carbon dioxide now is 20-30 higher than it was
150 years ago.
Prediction of mid 21st century a. 14.4-18 F b.
7.2 -14.4 F c. Less than 3.6-7.2 F
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The Ozone Layer Depletion
Stratosopheric ozone ( a form of oxygen) protects
against skin cancers and cataracts by filtering
out the Suns harmful ultraviolet radiation.
The growth in the size of the ozone hole appears
over the Antarctica. The hole is due to
chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) gobbling up
stratospheric ozone. This discovery has led to
international action to phase out the use of
chlorofluorocarbons.
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Contaminated Seas and Oceans
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Polluted Rivers
All 23 rivers numbered here on this map exceed
GEMS(Global Environmental Monitoring System)
North American Polluted Rivers
1. Skeena 2. Fraser 3. Columbia
4. Sacramento 5. San Joawun 6. Rio
Grande 7. Brazos 8. Red 9.
Arkansas 10. Platte 11. James
12. Missouri 13. Mississippi 14. Nelson
15. Seven 16. Moose 17. Alabama
18. Savanna 19. Roanoke 20 Ohio 21.
Delaware 22 Hudson23. St. John
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Sources of River Pollutants
Sources of pollution 1. Agriculture 84 2.
Resource Extraction 9 3. Forestry 6 4. Urban
runoff 5 5. Hydro-modification 4 6.
Construction 2 7. Disposal of land 1 8. Other
resources 9
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Things we can do 1. Seriously reevaluate the
concepts of - The Logic of Growth vs. Limits
to Growth 2. Research and Develop the
Alternative energy Solar Power, Windpower,
Hydroelectric power, energy from the earth
energy from biogas -from decomposing
organism 3. Create a sustainable Eco-culture by
Control world population Conserve finite
resources, and reduce waste, recycle and
control pollution 4. Transform the Egocentrism to
Ecocentrism a. The present is tied to the
future b. All forms of life are
interdependent c. Global cooperation.
d.The Compensatory Ethics
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Reflection When we are sick, we need doctors and
nurses to take care of us. Have we ever thought
about that the Mother Earth feels under the
weather? Who will take care of her?
Questions 1. What have we done to our planet?
2. Why did/do we do that? 3. What
will/should/can we do to our planet?
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• The Tales of Two Birds
• The Silence Spring message from the U.S.
• The Grim Reality of
• One of the World Richest Countries -Nauru

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In overdeveloped countries, material comfort and
convenience comes at a high cost, while
overpopulation and poverty toils the under and
less developed societies. The earths finite
resources (fresh air, clean water, safe land,
oil, hardwood etc.) have been facing the long
term and negative environmental deficit caused by
humanitys focus on short term material affluence.
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How do you think about the imminent issuesof the
shrinking of rain forest, the polluted air and
rivers, the depleting of Ozone layer and the
globing warming phenomenon, as well as the
vanishing habitat, and endangered wildlife? How
much damage we have done to the mother earth in
the name of progress and affluence? To what
extent that the greatest technological power we
have gained to make our lives better, actually
jeopardizes the future generations?
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The key point is what we can do to implement the
ecologically sustainable culture? The first step
Increasing global consciousness is a vital
dimension of environmental awareness. Then, we
should ask How do we make the change through
collective action to reclaim the environment?
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The Role of a Student Who is taking the course
of Sociology

• Understand the environment means to people of
  varying social backgrounds
• Learn to monitor the public pulse on
  environmental issues, reporting peoples
  thoughts, hopes, and fears
• Learn to demonstrate how social patterns put
  mounting stress on the natural environment.

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Ecology the study of the interaction of living
organisms and the natural environment. Natural
environment the earths surface and atmosphere,
including living organisms, air, water, soil, and
other resources necessary sustain life.
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The Global Dimenson

• What is Ecosystem?
• A system composed of the interaction of all
  living organisms and their natural environment.

The Historical Dimenson

• How have people gained the power to threaten the
  natural environment?
• The power of Technology

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Environment Deficit
What is Environment Deficit? Profound and
negative long-term harms to the natural
environment caused by humanitys focus on short
term material affluence.
Three major factors cause Environment
Deficit 1. Technology 2. Population Increase 3.
Cultural Patterns
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Three major factors cause Environment
Deficit 1. Technology 2. Population
Increase 3. Cultural Patterns
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1. Technology and Environmental Deficit
Technology has not only failed to ease the
conflict between man and nature, it
has aggravated that conflict. --Mikhail Gorbachev
Members of industrial societies produce 100 times
more goods than people in agrarian societies.
But higher living standards increase the problem
of solid waste which they produce, and pollution
(since industrial production generates smoke and
other toxic substances.) We are now running up an
environment deficit, which is a social issue, and
the damage-to the air, land, and water-is
unintended. Some of the environmental problems
is reversible/undo.
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2. PopulationMalthusian Theory-the dismal
prediction of population increasing

• It was the sudden population growth two
  centuries
• ago That sparked the development of demography.
  
• Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834) warned that
• population increase would soon lead to social
  chaos.
• He predicted the population would increase by
• geometric progression, (2, 4, 8, 16, 32) while
  food
• production increase by arithmetic progression
  (2, 3,
• 4, 5, 6)
• Wars and famine were the ways to check the
• populations increase.

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Population Increase

• 12,000 years ago, population 100 million

Population
Years
1800 1 billion 1930 2 billion 1962 3
billion 1974 4 billion 1987 5
billion 1999 6 billion-already

straining the natural environment.
with 77-80 million people increase each year,
which is amount to adding another Egypt to the
world annually. By the 2050 , there will be 8
billion population on the planet, and 7 billion
is the earth can support.
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Malthus was wrong in predicting short-term
catastrophe because population increase has
slowed below what he expected he was right to
point to, in the long term, any rate of growth
will outstrip the planets resources-families in
poor countries find little firewood, while rich
societies are depleting the oil reserves
everyone is draining the supply of clear water,
fresh air everyone is creating waste that
poisoning our planet.
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Controversy Debate
Apocalypse?! Will People Overwhelm
the Earth Malthusians/Neo-Malthusians argue that
we have already passed the earths carrying
capacity for population. Need to reduce the
global population to half of what it is
today. Anti-MalthusiansOptimistical out-look to
the future because of technology, economic
investment and human ingenuity proven the
doomsayers wrong.
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3.Culture PattersThe Logic of Growth and
Limits to Growth

• The Logic of Growth
• an optimistic view of the world, because
  people are clever, having things is good, and
  life will improve.
• Neo Malthusian Limits to Growth
• we are quickly consuming the earths finite
  resources.
• Like Thomas Malthus, the Neo Malthusians
  worry that the current consumption pattern of
  live are sustainable for even another century ?
  Supplies of oil, natural gas, and other natural
  resources are falling sharply and will continue
  to drop. By 2050, the model predict that hunger
  will reach a crisis level, and depletion of
  resources will cripple industrial output as well.

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Environmental Issues
a./ Solid waste and dump b./ Water supply and
pollution c./ Air and pollution d./ Acid rain
and vanishing of Rain Forestacid rain refers to
precipitation, made acidic by air pollution, that
destroys plant and animal life. Rain forests are
regions of dense forestation, most of which
circle the globe close to the equator. It is
falling victim to the needs and
appetites e./Global warming Rain forests play an
important part in cleansing the atmosphere of
carbon dioxide. CO2 is now 20 to 30 percent
higher than it was 150 years ago, which causes
the green house effect, a rise in the earths
average temperature due to an increasing
concentration of carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere. f./Declining Biodiversity
decreasing the human food, genetic resources and
diminishing the beauty and complexity of natural
environment. Rosy periwinkle for leukemia. 3/4 of
world s 9000 species of birds are declining.
Extinction of species is irreversible and final.
An ethical question we live today have the right
to impoverish the world for those who live
tomorrow?
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In Middle East, Water supply has reached a
critical level. Nile river will shrink by half in
the next 20 years. 1 billion people in the North
Africa will lack necessary water within 30
years. In most areas of the world, the available
water is not safe for drinking. In the U.S. water
quality is good by global standard, however,
rivers and streams across the U.S. absorb some
500 million pounds of toxic waste each year.
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High-pollution statesTexas, Tennessee, Alabama,
Louisiana and Ohio-each sent 100 times as much
toxic material into the atmosphere.
In 1952, an especially thick haze that hung over
London killed 4,000 people.
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Deforestation
Rain forests cover 7 of the earths total land
surface, half of the original size, which are
home of 50 of living beings, but are shrinking
by 1 per year. At this rate of loss, the rain
forests will vanish before the end of next
century. Thus, the protection of the earths
biodiversity and climate will disappear.
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Theoretical Analysis of Environmental issues

• Structural-functional theory cultural values
  have much to do with a societys orientation to
  the natural environment. Cultural ecology, one
  application of this approach, explores the
  relationship of human culture and the natural
  environment.
• Social-Conflict theory highlight the very issues
  that structural-functionalism tends to overlook-
  power and inequality. This perspective blames
  environmental decay on the self-interest of
  elites. It also points to a pattern of
  environmental racism by which the poor-especially
  minority suffer most form environmental hazards.

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Environmental Racism is derived from conflict
theory, by which the poor, especially minority
suffer most from environmental hazards by being
drawn to factories, and live in undesirable areas.
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Looking Ahead Toward a Sustainable Society and
World

• Gandi Society must provide for peoples need
  not the greed.
• Ecologically sustainable culture Refer to a way
  of life that meets the needs of the present
  generation without threatening the environmental
  legacy of future generations.
• a. Conservation of finite resources
• b. Reducing waste reduce and recycle the waste
• c. Control the size of the worlds population

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The transforming the Egocentric to the Ecocentric
outlook a./ The present is tied to the future
b./ All forms of life are interdependent c./
Need Global cooperation The south and north
parts of the earth face the issue of
environmental deficit, and have to
cooperate the program on the sustainable
ecosystem.
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We stand where tow roads diverge One road we
have long been traveling is deceptively easy, a
smooth superhighway on which we progress with
great speed, but at its end lies disaster. The
other fork in the road, the one less traveled
by, offers our last, and only, chance to reach a
destination that assures the preservation of our
earth. ---Rachel Carson (1962)
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Discussions 1.Debate the concepts of the Logic
of Growth vs. the Limit of Growth 2. From
your personal experience, the environmental
deficit is getting serious or subsiding? Why and
how? 3. Are you an environmentalist? Why and why
not? If you are, what have you done or suggested
the change for an environmentally sustainable
society.