Cognitive Engineering PSYC 530 Introduction to Human Factors and Cognitive Engineering

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Cognitive EngineeringPSYC 530Introduction to
Human Factors and Cognitive Engineering

• Raja Parasuraman

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IntroductionHistory of Human FactorsThe
Systems Approach
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DATES

• Test 1 September 18 (take home)
• Test 1 due September 25
• Test 2 October 23 (in class)
• Last date for approval of topic for class
  presentation and term paper due November 6.
• Class presentations November 13, 20, and 27.
• Last class December 4
• Term paper due December 10

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Overview

• What this course is about
• What this course is not about
• Course objectives
• Topics
• History of Human Factors
• The Systems Approach

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Terms, Terms, Terms!

• Engineering Psychology
• Applied-Experimental Psychology
• Human Performance Engineering
• Human Factors
• Ergonomics
• Cognitive Ergonomics
• Cognitive Engineering

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Professional Societies

• Applied-Experimental and Engineering Psychology
  (Division 21, American Psychological
  Association)
• Journal Journal of Experimental Psychology
  Applied
• Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (USA)
• Journals Human Factors, Ergonomics in Design,
  Journal of Cognitive Engineering
• Ergonomics Society (UK)
• Journal Ergonomics Applied Ergonomics
• International Ergonomics Association (IEA)
• ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human
  Interaction (SIG-CHI)
• Journal CHI Proceedings
• IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society
• Journal IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and
  Cybernetics, Part A. Systems and Humans

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What this course is about

• Provides a basic background on the role of human
  cognitive capabilities and limitations in the
  design of products, work places, and large
  systems.
• The course emphasizes theories and findings on
  human performance, rather than the design of
  systems per se.

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What this course is NOT about

• A course in cognitive engineering design
• A basic course in cognitive psychology

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Engineering Psychology vs. Human Factors vs.
Experimental Psychology

• The aim of engineering psychology is not simply
  to compare two possible designs for a piece of
  equipment which is the role of human factors,
  but to specify the capacities and limitations of
  the human generate an experimental data base
  from which the choice of a better design should
  be directly deducible. (Poulton, 1966)

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Why this Course is Not Human Factors Design
Boeing 777 Flight Deck
Designing a safe and efficient automated
cockpit
Successful design may involve the application of
human performance principles, but not
necessarily their discovery
Designing a safe and usable infusion pump
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Why this Course is Not Cognitive Psychology
Stimulus
Response
Inferred Information Processing Components
The Machinery of the Mind
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Why this Course is Not Cognitive Neuroscience
Stimulus
Response
Peering into the Black Box
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Because Minds and Brains are Situatedin a Body
and Environment with Artifacts and ToolsHence
Cognitive Engineering
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Why this Course is Not Cognitive Psychologyor
Cognitive Neuroscience
Successful cognitive psychology or
cognitive neuroscience may involve the discovery
of principles, but with no requirement to apply
those principles or to ensure that they describe
phenomena outside the laboratory
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NeuroergonomicsUsing Brain Function to Enhance
Human Performance in Complex Systems
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Neuro-Ergonomics

• The scientific study of brain mechanisms and
  psychological and physical functions of humans in
  relation to technology, work, and environments

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Course Objectives

• Understand the major cognitive theories and
  empirical findings in several domains of human
  performance
• Examine the role of these theories in modern
  human-machine systems
• Understand how human performance theories can
  improve design and enhance training

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Topics

• History of human factors and the systems approach
• Allocation of function
• Signal detection
• Vigilance
• Attention, perception, and displays
• Memory
• Decision making
• Attention and mental workload
• Human performance in automated systems

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Resources

• BooksGeneral
• Wickens and Hollands (2000), Engineering
  Psychology and Human Performance
• Salvendy (1997), Handbook of Human Factors
  Ergonomics, 2nd, Edition.
• Wickens, Gordon, Liu (1998), Introduction to
  Human Factors Engineering.
• Matthews et al. (2000), Human Performance
• Gawron (2000), Human Performance Measures
  Handbook
• Proctor and Van Zandt (1994) Human Factors in
  Simple and Complex Systems

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Resources

• BooksSpecific
• Vicente (1999), Cognitive Work Analysis
• Vicente (2004), The Human Factor
• Norman (1999), The Invisible Computer
• Parasuraman and Mouloua (1996), Automation and
  Human Performance
• Sheridan (2002), Humans and Automation
• Sarter and Amelberti (2000), Cognitive
  Engineering in the Aviation Domain
• Wickens et al. (1998), The Future of Air Traffic
  Control
• Backs and Boucsein (2000), Engineering
  Psychophysiology
• Parasuraman and Rizzo (2007), Neuroergonomics
  The Brain at Work

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Resources

• JournalsMain
• Human Factors
• Ergonomics
• Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied
• CHI Proceedings
• HFES Proceedings
• Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science
• JournalsSecondary
• International Journal of Aviation Psychology
• International Journal of Cognitive Ergonomics
• International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
• Applied Ergonomics
• Applied Cognitive Psychology
• Ergonomics in Design
• IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, Cybernetics
  Part A. Systems and Humans

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Resources

• A Few Web Sites
• Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
  http//hfes.org
• ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human
  Interaction http//www.acm.org/sigchi/
• University of Illinois, Institute of Aviation
  http//skylane.aviation.uiuc.edu/
• Bad Human Factors Designs http//www.baddesigns.c
  om/

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A final recommendation . Please Google with
care! Its a rough, often unreliable, flaky,
sometimes downright fraudulent web world out
there!
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Human Factors A Brief History
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Historical Overview

• 1890s - 1920s
• Time-and-motion studies
• Taylors scientific management
• Use time and motion analysis to determine the
  most efficient method for performing each
  component task in a job
• Link employee compensation to a piece-rate
  system (to maximize employee work effort)
• Select and train employees based on a their
  skills, intelligence, and personality
• Mass production and the assembly line
• Industrial safety

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The Human in Human Factors Historical Views

• 1890-1920 A Cog in the Wheel
• F. W. Taylors Scientific Management

Modern Times, by Charlie Chaplin
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Historical Overview (contd.)

• 1930s - 1940s
• Selection and training
• Industrial Health Research Board (UK) psychology
• Army IQ test
• Job training methods
• The birth of Industrial/Organizational (I/O)
  Psychology

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Historical Overview (contd.)

• 1940s-1950s
• Problems with military systems--even for skilled,
  well trained, motivated operators
• Army Accidents in using new artillery systems
  (Broadbent, 1958)
• Air Force Aircraft crashes (Fitts Jones, 1947)
• Royal Air Force (UK) Airborne radar operators
  missing U-boat contacts (Mackworth, 1950)

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Historical Overview (contd.)

• 1960s - 1970s NASA and the space program
• 1980s - present The personal computer
  revolution
• Graphical user interface mouse
  (Xerox?Apple?Microsoft)
• Catastrophic accidents involving poor HF design
• Nuclear power (Three Mile Island, Chernobyl)
• Aviation (Korean Airlines shooting down, American
  Airlines Cali accident, etc.)
• 2000 - Diversification from military and
  space systems to transportation, robotics,
  consumer products, aging, health care, home
  automation, etc.

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Key Historical Figures
F. W. Taylor, USA 1860s - 1910s
Paul Fitts, USA 1950s - 1970s
Michael Posner, USA 1970s - present
Donald Broadbent UK, 1950s - 1980s
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Key Historical Figures (contd)
Neville Moray, UK, Canada, USA 1960s - 2000
Tom Sheridan, USA 1970s - present
Christopher Wickens, USA 1980s - present
Donald Norman, USA 1980s - present
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The Systems Approach

• Humans are involved in all aspects of technology
• Designers
• Users (operators)
• Maintenance personnel
• The successes (and problems) of technology arise
  not solely from machines (machine failure) or
  solely from humans (human error), but from the
  interaction of humans and machines (system error)

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Human-Machine System
Environment
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Implications of the Systems Approach

• System performance cannot be adequately described
  by technological factors but requires an analysis
  of human performance as well.
• Need a common language and performance metrics to
  describe (1) human, (2) machine, and (3)
  human-machine performance.
• Some common metrics
• Cycle time (time and motion)
• Bandwidth - Hz (information theory)
• Information transmitted - bits (information
  theory)
• Sensitivity (d) and criterion (ß) (signal
  detection theory)
• These and other approaches should be used to
  match human and machine capabilities and
  limitations for efficient and safe system
  performance

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Matching Humans and Machines

• I. Fitting the Machine
• to the Human Display
• control, and interface design
• II. Fitting the Human
• to the Machine
• Selection and training

Human
Machine
Sensory Cognitive Motor
Display Processor Control
Interface
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Examples of I Display, Control and Interface
Design

• Ego-centered vs. exo-centered displays for
  spatial navigation
• Voice (auditory) vs. data link (visual) for
  controller-pilot communications
• Monitoring for excessive operator workload or
  fatigue using neuroergonomic measures

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Examples of II Selection and Training

• Selecting for high-performance skills (e.g., Navy
  pilot)
• Developing selection tests for new occupations
  (e.g., checked baggage bomb inspectors)
• Training special populations (e.g., older adults
  in ATM usage, or home automation)

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Why Consider Human Factors?

• Enhance efficiency (productivity)
• Ensure safety
• Assure tasks are within human capability
• Improve human performance
• Gain market acceptance
• Reduce costs (economic, legal, social)