ALCOHOL

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ALCOHOL
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Incidence of Alcohol Use

• In the 2000 U.S. Census showed that 42 of youths
  aged 12 to 17 and 84 aged 18 to 25 have had a
  drink.
• In 2000, about 30 percent of high school seniors
  and 15 percent of eight-graders reported at least
  one episode of in the previous two weeks.
• Alcohol is a major factor in crime.
• After the Vietnam War, many states lowered the
  drinking age to 18.

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Why Teens Drink

• Physical changes associated with puberty increase
  a persons tolerance to alcohol
• Teens want to look more mature and less like
  children
• Cognitive views emerge which allows teens to
  think in more relative than absolute terms

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• Cognitive conceit makes teens likely to question
  authority figures
• The personal fable makes teens feel invulnerable
• Heightened inferential skills make teens aware of
  adult hypocrisy

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• The process of finding their identity involves
  teens trying new experiences
• Adolescents have more freedom and independence
  than children
• Adolescents spend more time with their peers than
  they do with their families.

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• Teenagers commonly believe that the drinking rate
  amongst their age group is higher than it really
  is
• Adolescents are interested in romance and sex
• Drinking is perceived as a way to relax.

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Research shows

• Parents attitudes and beliefs about alcohol
  affect adolescents drinking both at home and
  socially.
• A study of families determined to be at high risk
  for alcoholism found that alcohol expectancies of
  early adolescents were closer to their parents
  than those from low risk families who displayed
  significant negative correlations.

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Family Influence

• Family plays a significant role.
• Parents who drink are more likely to have
  adolescents who drink.
• Parents who dont drink or disapprove are more
  likely to have adolescents who dont drink.
• STAT 1/3 of any sample of alcoholics at least
  have one parent who was an alcoholic.

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Peer Influence

• Peer pressure is another cause of adolescent
  drinking.
• Why? Peer identification, sociability,
  friendship.
• Alcohol consumption tends to be an often response
  to loneliness and anxiety.
• Another major reason rebellion.
• Alienate themselves from their family and
  community.

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More Reasons

• 12-14 year olds believe that positive benefits
  are more likely to occur than negative effects.
• One study of 16-19 year olds, the heavy drinkers
  drank so much because they wished to be
  intoxicated, or they were motivated to improve
  their mood.

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Consequences

• Underage drinking substantially increases the
  risk of developing an alcohol use disorder in
  adulthood
• Adolescents are more susceptible to negative
  cognitive effects of alcohol than adults
• Research shows that drinking is associated with
  risk-taking and sensation-seeking behavior, which
  can lead to multiple consequences.
• Adolescents who use alcohol are more likely to
  become sexually active at an earlier age, to have
  sex more often, and to engage in un protected
  sex, which places them at a higher risk of HIV
  infection and other STDs.
• Alcohol exposure during adolescence is linked
  with a reduced ability to learn compared with
  those not exposed until adulthood.

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Consequences Contd

• People who begin to drink before 15 are 4 times
  more likely to develop alcohol dependence than
  those who wait until 21.
• In 1997, 21 of young drivers ages 15-20 who were
  killed in car crashes were intoxicated.
• Approximately 240,000-360,000 of the nations 12
  million current undergraduates will ultimately
  die from alcohol related causes.
• According to the SAMHSA, 2.6 million young people
  do NOT know that a person can die from an
  overdose of alcohol.
• 95 of violent crimes on college campuses are
  alcohol related and 90 of college rapes involve
  alcohol use by either the victim and/or assailant.

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Neurological Consequences

• Impaired vision and motor coordination
• Memory defects
• Hallucinations
• Blackouts
• Seizures
• Permanent brain damage

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Respiratory Consequences

• Respiratory depression or failure
• Pneumonia
• Tuberculosis
• Lung abscesses
• Increased risk for mouth or throat cancers

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Cardiological Consequences

• Elevated blood pressure and heart rate
• Stroke
• Heart failure

Liver Consequences

• Alcoholic fatty liver
• Hepatitis
• Cirrhosis

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Consequences

• Most cell loss occurs the cortex of the frontal
  lobe, the part of the brain involved in higher
  order thinking, such as planning and impulse
  control.
• Alcohol affects the hippocampus (a part of the
  brain involved in learning, memory and
  motivation) and the cerebellum (a part that
  controls balance and coordination and learning)

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Short Term vs Long Term

• Blackouts
• Hangovers
• Cognitive dysfunction
• Impaired vision
• Impaired motor coordination
• Sleep disturbance
• Suicide attempts
• Risky sexual behavior
• Risk for HIV infection/STDs
• Seizures
• Apathy
• Introversion/antisocial behavior
• Inability to concentrate
• MIP/DWI/DUI

• Impaired intellectual development and academic
  performance
• Alcohol dependence
• Cirrhosis of liver
• Hemorrhagic stroke
• Certain cancers kidneys, mouth, throat
• Major depression
• Memory defects
• Permanent brain damage
• Elevated blood pressure and heart rate
• Risk of stroke
• Heart failure
• Damage to GI tract
• Malnutrition
• Suppressed immune function

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Drinking in Young Adulthood

• Many young adults binge drink while in college.
• Out of 762 ethnically diverse college
  undergraduates, 25 engaged in binge drinking.
• Compared to non-bingers and abstainers, bingers
  had higher rates of drinking related problems.

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UK Study of Undergraduates

• Heavy drinkers (50 units or more a week for men,
  35 or more for women) scored higher than light
  drinkers (8-20 a week for men, 5-14 for women) on
  measures of
• Tension reduction
• Sexual enhancement
• Dependency drinking issues

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UK Study of Undergraduates

• Heavy drinkers saw more benefits in drinking
  while light drinkers saw more drawbacks.
• Top 3 Benefits found
• Self-confidence
• Fun/humor
• Social Life

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UK Study of Undergraduates

• Top 3 Drawbacks
• Physical wellbeing
• Finances
• University Work
• Heavy drinkers main concern was financial.
• Light drinkers main concern was physical well
  being.

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First-Year Study

• Study of 265 first-year students
• Perceived parents approval of drinking habits
• 69 experienced at least 1 drinking problem
• Headache/hangover
• Regretted sexual situations
• Arrested for drunk driving
• Over 1/3rd perceived their parents would approve
  of them drinking occasionally.

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After College

• After graduation, consumption of alcohol greatly
  decreases
• Reasons
• Getting married
• Entering workforce
• Increased responsibility
• Less time socializing

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References

• "Alcohol Use Among Adolescents." Alcohol Health
  and Research World 22.2 (1998) 85-94.
• "Basic Facts About Drugs Alcohol American
  Council for Drug Education." (1999).
  ltwww.acde.org/common/alcohol.htmgt.
• Boyle Phd Ms, Jennifer R., and Bradley O.
  Boekeloo Phd Ms. "Perceived Parental Approval of
  Drinking and Its Impact on Problem Drinking
  Behaviors Among First-Year College Students."
  Journal of American College Health 54.
• Rice, F. Phillip, and Kim G. Dolgin. The
  Adolescent Development, Relationships, and
  Culture. 11th ed. Boston Allyn and Baker, 2005.
  451-456.
• SAMHSA Consequences of Underage Alcohol Use."
  SAMHSA. ltwww.health.org/govpubs/rbo992gt.
• Sieving, Renee E., Geoffrey Maruyama, Carolyn L.
  Williams, and Cheryl L. Perry. "Pathways to
  Adolescent Alcohol Use Potential Mechanisms of
  Parent Influences." Journal of Research on
  Adolecence 10.4 (2000) 489-514.
• Stillwell, Paul. "Personal and Social Correlates
  of Alcohol Consumption Among Mid-Adolescents."
  British Journal of Developmental Psychology 23
  (2005) 427.
• Zeigler, D.W., C.C. Wang, and R.A. Yoast. "The
  Neurocognitive Effects of Alcohol on Adolescent
  and College Students." Prev Med 40.1 (2005)
  23-32.