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P1250095221ygcFd

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... usually continues in first, second, and third grade. Cursive Writing ... A core of spelling words that are most frequently used in writing was determined ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: P1250095221ygcFd


1
Stages of Reading Development
2
Early literacy or pre-reading
Early literacy learnings. Awareness of print.
Phonological awareness. Reads common signs and
labels. Can write ones name.
Below grade 1 reading level
Stage 1
3
Decoding
Letter-sound correspondences. Knowledge of the
alphabetic principle and skill in its use.
Identifies about 1,000 of the most common words
in the oral language. Can read very simple texts.
Stage 2
Reading grade levels 1 and beginning 2
4
Fluency
Integrates knowledge and skills acquired in
Stages 1 and 2. Relies on context and meaning as
well as on decoding (phonics for identifying new
words). Reads with greater fluency. By the end of
Stage 2, can recognize about 3,000 familiar words
and derivatives.
Stage 3
Reading levels 2-3.
5
Uses reading for learning
Can use reading as a tool for learning new
information, ideas, attitudes, and values. Growth
in background knowledge, meaning vocabulary, and
cognitive abilities.
Stage 4
Reading grade levels 4-8.
6
Multiple viewpoints
Ability to read widely a broad range of complex
materials, expository and narrative, from a
variety of viewpoints and at a variety of levels
of comprehension inferential and critical as
well as literal.
Stage 5
Reading grade levels 9-12.
7
Construction and reconstruction
Reading for ones own needs and purposes
(professional, personal, civic) to integrate
ones knowledge with that of others and to create
new knowledge.
Stage 6
College and beyond.
8
The Reading Process
  • Reading must be fluent.
  • Reading is a constructive process.
  • Reading is strategic.
  • Reading requires motivation.
  • Reading is a lifelong pursuit.

9
Dyslexia
  • People with this baffling disorder find it
    extremely difficult to recognize letters and
    words and to interpret information that is
    presented in print form

10
General Agreement on 4 Points
Dyslexia
  1. Dyslexia is probably due to a congenital
    neurological condition.
  2. Dyslexic problems persist into adolescence and
    adulthood.
  3. Dyslexia has perceptual, cognitive, and language
    dimensions.
  4. Dyslexia leads to difficulty in many areas of
    life as the individual matures.

11
The Language Experience Method
  • This is a well-accepted method that builds on
  • the students knowledge
  • the students language base
  • and links the different forms of language
    listening, speaking, reading writing

12
The Language Experience Method
  • The method uses the students own experiences
    and language as raw material. It is a very
    effective method of showing children that they
    CAN think, and read and learn.

13
Word-Recognition Strategies
  • Sight words
  • Phonics
  • Context clues
  • Structural analysis
  • Combining word-recognition strategies

14
Concepts of Reading Comprehension
  • Reading comprehension depends on what the reader
    brings to the written material.
  • Reading comprehension is a language process
  • Reading comprehension is a thinking process
  • Reading comprehension requires active interaction
    with the text

15
a fish ate a rock. the fish
said, I ate a rock.
a cow ate the fish. the cow
said, I ate a fish. And now I
feel sick.
16
Emergent Literacy and Writing
  • Encourages early writing
  • Children use invented spelling
  • Children explore the alphabetic properties of
    writing
  • Children develop concepts about print

17
Emergent Literacy
  • Oral language proficiency
  • Concepts about print
  • Alphabet knowledge
  • Phonological awareness
  • Letter-sound correspondence
  • Beginning reading vocabulary

18
Cloze Passage
  • This is a book ____learning disabilities, a
    problem _____impedes learning for _____,
    adolescents, and adults, affecting ____ schooling
    and adjustment to ____. There is growing concern
    ____ children and youth with ____ disabilities
    who have extreme ____ in learning academic and
    ____ skills, despite their mental ____ for doing
    so.

19
Interactive Elements in Reading Comprehension
  • The Reader. Each reader comes to a reading
    selection with some knowledge and interests that
    affect what this reader is willing and able to
    read.
  • The Text. Text refers to the written language or
    the printed information. The clarity and
    organization of the text will affect the readers
    ability to make sense of it.

20
Interactive Elements
  • The Context. The reading situation or
    environment also affects the reading process. In
    a testing situation, for example, intense anxiety
    could prevent a reader from comprehending
    material that he or she could easily read in a
    less threatening setting.

21
Theories of How Children Acquire Language
  • Behavioral theories
  • Innatist theories
  • Cognitive theories
  • Social theories

22
Whole-Language Views
  • Use integrated language system oral language,
    reading, writing
  • Both oral and written languages are acquired
    through natural usage
  • Use only authentic literature

23
Whole-Language Views
  • Teach writing early
  • Provide abundant opportunities for writing
  • Avoid instruction on separate nonmeaningful parts
    of language or use or exercises and drills

24
Manuscript Writing
  • Handwriting instruction usually begins with
    manuscript writing in kindergarten, where
    children begin to write letters of the alphabet.
    Manuscript writing usually continues in first,
    second, and third grade.

25
Cursive Writing
  • In cursive writing (sometimes called script) the
    letters are connected. The transfer to cursive
    writing is typically made somewhere in the third
    grade, although schools teach cursive writing as
    late as fifth grade.

26
DNealian Writing System
  • Another handwriting form is the DNealian writing
    system (Thurber Jordan, 1981). This system
    helps students make the transition to cursive
    writing more easily. The DNealian system is a
    simplified cursive writing style in which
    manuscript letters have the basic forms of the
    corresponding cursive letters.

27
The Left-handed Student
  • Left-handed people encounter a special
    handwriting problem because their natural
    tendency is to write from right to left on the
    page. In writing from left to right,
    left-handers have difficulty seeing what they
    have written.

28
Linguistic Approach to Spelling
The linguistic approach to spelling is based on
the contention that the spelling of American
English is sufficiently rule covered to warrant
an instructional method that stresses
phonological, morphological, and syntactic rules
or word patterns. This might also be called a
phonics or word-family approach to spelling since
it selects words to teach phonics
generalizations, structural analysis, or
linguistic patterns.
29
Word-Frequency Approach to Spelling
In the word-frequency approach to spelling
instruction, words for spelling instruction are
chosen on the basis of frequency of use rather
than phonological patterns. The criteria for word
selection are frequency of use, permanency, and
utility. A core of spelling words that are most
frequently used in writing was determined through
extensive investigations of the writing of
children and adults.
30
10 commonly misspelled words
  1. mayonnaise
  2. moccasin
  3. accommodate
  4. impostor
  5. inoculate
  6. magnificence
  7. privilege
  8. liquefy
  9. souvenir
  10. calendar

31
Math Instruction
32
Time Passes
More Time Passes
Even More Time Passes
Is it coming yet Papa Smurf?
33
Theories of Math Instruction
  • Progression from concrete to abstract
  • Constructive learning
  • Direct instruction
  • Learning strategies instruction
  • Problem solving

34
Precursors of Mathematics Disabilities
35
Progressing from Concrete to Abstract
36
1. Concrete level
Real objects
4 apples 3 apples 7 apples


37
2. Representational level
Graphic symbols
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (7)
38
3. Abstract level
Numbers
3 4 7
39
Math Vocabulary
Multiplier
Multiplicand
Sum
Dividend
Addend
Quotient
Minuend
Subtrahend
Difference
40
Addition
Math Vocabulary
Addend
Addend
Sum
41
Subtraction
Math Vocabulary
9
Minuend
3
Subtrahend
6
Difference
42
Multiplication
Math Vocabulary
7
Multiplicand
5
Multiplier
X
35
Product
43
Division
Math Vocabulary
44
Common Math Errors
45
Common Math Errors
Place value
72

29
91
46
Common Math Errors
Computation Facts
5
9
X
47
47
Common Math Errors
Wrong Process
48
Common Math Errors
Working from left to right
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