Title: ICAO NAMCARSAM Runway SafetyRunway Incursion Conference
1U.S. Runway Safety Briefing
- ICAO NAM/CAR/SAMRunway Safety/Runway Incursion
Conference - John Pallante, ARI-2
- October 2002
2Global Airspace Characteristics
Growing demand for air travel and system capacity
Millions of operations a year
Hundreds of thousands of pilots and aircraft
Thousands of air traffic controllers
Thousands of airports
Pressure to reduce delays and to enhance safety
3Runway Safety Realities
- Systemic, Rare, Potentially Catastrophic Events
- Human Factors Inevitable and Constant
- Commercial and GA Incursions Proportionate to
Operations - Airport Design, Procedures, and Local Factors are
Significant - Solution includes Cultural Change, Joint and
Individual Ownership
4Types of Runway Incursions
- A runway incursion is any occurrence on an
airport runway involving an aircraft, vehicle,
person, or object on the ground that creates a
collision hazard or results in a loss of required
separation with an aircraft taking off, landing,
or intending to land. - The FAA investigates runway incursions and
attributes the occurrence to one or more of the
following error types.
5Runway Incursions (All Categories)
DATA ARE PRELIMINARY AND SUBJECT TO CHANGE
6Distribution by Type of Runway Incursions
FY 2002 YTD (09/30/02)
FY 1998-2001
DATA ARE PRELIMINARY AND SUBJECT TO CHANGE
7Runway Incursion Severity Categories
Operational Dimensions Affecting Runway Incursion
Severity
Increasing Severity
Increasing Severity
Category D
Category C
Category B
Category D
Category C
Category B
Category A
Separation decreases and participants take
extreme action to narrowly avoid a collision, or
the event results in a collision
Separation decreases and there is a significant
potential for collision
Separation decreases but there is ample time and
distance to avoid a collision
Little or no chance of collision but meets the
definition of a runway incursion
Little or no
Separation
Separation
Separation
chance of
decreases but
decreases and
decreases and
collision but
there is ample
there is a
participants take
meets the
time and
significant
extreme action
definition of a
distance to avoid
potential for
to narrowly
runway incursion
a collision
collision
avoid a collision
8Category AB Runway Incursions
DATA ARE PRELIMINARY AND SUBJECT TO CHANGE
9Severity Distribution of Runway Incursions
FY 1998-2001
FY 2002 YTD (09/30/02)
Category A includes 2 collisions / 4 fatalities
(FLL SRQ- 4 fatal).
Category A includes 2 collisions / 0 fatalities
(VNY LAL).
DATA ARE PRELIMINARY AND SUBJECT TO CHANGE
10Category A and B Runway Incursions (CY 2000 and
2001)
11Runway Collisions Met. Conditions (1990 - 2001)
DAY IMC
DAY VMC
2
1
0
5
NIGHT IMC
NIGHT VMC
12Frequency and Rate of Runway Incursions (CY 1998
- 2001)
13Airport complexity influences the number and rate
of runway incursions (FY 1998 - 2001)
LAX
STL
IAD
34 Incursions
30 Incursions
3 Incursions
14Severity Distribution at the 32 Benchmark
Airports (CY 1998 2001)
- The Benchmark Airports accounted for
- 18 of all operations (approx. 61 Million out of
332 Million) at towered airports over the 4 year
period - 26 (383) of all the runway incursions in the 4
year period studied
- The Benchmark Airports accounted for
- 38 (38/87) A events,
- 36 (59/163) B events,
- 35 (178/509) C events,
- 16 (113/694) D events
15What the FAA is Doing
- Current Situation
- Runway Safety Goals
Outcome Zero fatalities from runway incursions
16Primary Performance Factors of Runway Incursions
(1997-2001)
- Pilot Deviations
- Enters or crosses a runway after acknowledging
hold short instructions - Takes off without a clearance after acknowledging
position and hold instructions - Operational Errors
- Loss of arrival/departure separation on same or
intersecting runways - Runway crossing separation errors
- Vehicle/Pedestrian Deviations
- Crosses a runway without communication or
authorization - Enters a runway after acknowledging hold short
instructions
17Runway Safety Blueprint
- 8 Goals
- 39 Objectives
- Education and Training
- Safety Seminars
- Surface Safety Awareness
- Mass Mailings
- Procedures
- Modeling and Simulation
- Advisory Circulars
- Data Collection
- Surface Incidents
- ASRS
18Runway Safety Blueprint (contd)
- 8 Goals
- 39 Objectives
- Communications
- Phraseology Workgroup
- Situational Awareness
- Paint Study
- Local Solutions
- Special Emphasis Program
- Technology
- Flashing PAPI
- Runway Status Lights (AMASS, ASDE-X)
- Moving Map
- LED Lights
19Technologies
- ARI sponsoring technologies with industry-wide
potential - AMASS
- 18 Commissioned
- 6 Operational Suitability Demo
- 13 Remaining
- LED lighting
- Enhances hold position markings at runway/taxiway
intersection - Omaha system activation July 2002
20Summary
- Runway Safety is a multi-dimensional issue that
requires a multi-dimensional approach. - People make mistakes even the most intelligent,
well-trained, conscientious, well-intentioned
people make mistakes. - Education, training and procedures are important
solutions, but they are always susceptible to
human error. To be successful, a balanced
approach also requires improvements in airport
design and technology, and a determination to
take ownership of the issue of runway incursions.
21Backup Slides
22Approach
- Analyze the incident data to determine areas of
greatest risks - What are the types and relative frequencies of
different types of error? - Identify mitigation strategies for managing human
error - Procedures
- Technologies
23Where do we go wrong?
- Controllers
- Forget (about a closed runway, a clearance that
they issued, an aircraft waiting to takeoff or
cleared to land) - Get distracted
- Fail to coordinate (teamwork)
- Dont catch all readback errors
- Act human
24Where do we go wrong?
- Pilots
- Fail to hold short as instructed (and cross or
line up on the runway) - Takeoff without a clearance
- Get lost (with and without poor visibility)
- Misunderstand the clearance
- Act human
25Resulting in
- Aircraft/vehicles crossing in front of an
aircraft taking off or landing - Aircraft/vehicles crossing in front of an
aircraft landing - Controllers forgetting about aircraft holding in
position and clearing an aircraft to land on the
same runway - Other scenarios
26How do we fix it?
- Better tools for pilots and controllers
- Better airport signs and markings
- Surface radar at more airports
- Improved means of controller-pilot communication
(to reduce frequency congestion and eliminate
blocked transmissions) - Runway status lights
- Loops
- Cockpit moving map displays
27What Controllers Can Do
- Optimize teamwork
- Recognize limitations of human memory and
attention - Dont clear an aircraft into position and hold
if you plan on it being there for more than a
minute - Never assume keep up your scan and check that
the runway is clear - Good communication techniques
28What Pilots Can Do
- DONT mind your own business do whatever you
can to increase your awareness of the airport
operation - LISTEN UP
- LOOK OUT
- Airport diagram out and in use
- Is there a runway between you and the gate?
- Is there an aircraft on final?
29What Pilots Can Do (contd)
- Both pilots should listen for clearances to land,
taxi, and take-off - When in doubt, about your position or your
clearance - ASK - SOPs and Recommended Practices
- Landing lights go on when take-off clearance is
received (signal that aircraft is rolling) - Call ATC if you expected an imminent take-off
and have been lined up and waiting for more than
90 seconds
30Technologies
31BAA Activities
- Background
- Issued Surface Technology Broad Agency
Announcement (BAA) Exploring new and emerging,
lower cost technology solutions - Demonstrate technical feasibility of proposed
technology - Proceed to technology/solution development phase
based on operational transition potential - Status
- Six demonstration contracts awarded in
2001(summary on next slide) - Laser light technology contract awarded in July
2002 - System demo - November 2002
32BAA Activities (contd)
33Other Projects (contd)
- Hold Line Enhancement with LED lights
- Three phases testing at Omaha
- LED stand alone
- LED with motion sensors
- Special scenarios - TBD
- Operational Assessment complete
- Jan 2003
34Other Projects (contd)
- VHF audio alert with motion sensors for
non-controlled airports - Two months data collection at Millard Airport
completed in May 2002 - Detection rate and false alert rate need
enhancement
35Other Projects (contd)
- Flashing Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI)
- Notifies pilots on approach that it is unsafe to
land due to an aircraft or vehicle occupying the
Take-off Hold position or other critical position
on the runway - System control logic driven by loops detection in
Long Beach - Article 7 Brief
- August 12, 2002
- Field Demo
- September 10-12, 2002
36Technologies Deployment
- Short Term
- Utilize existing Surface Movement Guidance and
Control System (SMGCS) and install FAA approved
light fixtures such as Runway Guard Lights and
Stop Bar Lights at those hot spots and high
traffic intersections to increase the awareness
of pilots and vehicle operators - North Vegas
- Long Beach
- Phase in automatic control such as loops and
motion sensor, and evaluate their effectiveness
37Technologies Deployment (contd)
- Mid Term
- Evaluate, certify and install RD equipment and
system to improve runway safety - Addressable Sign TYS
- LED/Hold Line Enhancement OMA
- 75 MHz Ground Marker Tech Center
- Long Term
- Provide low cost surveillance system for smaller
airports - Implement and promote the utilization of
Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast
(ADS-B) and ground vehicle tracking - Integrate existing and future certified warning
equipment/devices with safety logic to provide
visual and aural alerts to users including air
traffic controllers, pilots and vehicle operators