Chapter I: Matter and Life

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Chapter I Matter and Life
Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes
that it undergoes
Matter refers to any physical substance that we
encounter.
Matter is said to have mass and to occupy space
Matter has properties Volume, mass, color,
temperature, density
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Matter undergoes changes
When a sample of matter undergoes a physical
change, its chemical makeup remains unchanged.
For example, liquid water and ice both consist of
small particles of H2O. Therefore the melting of
ice to form liquid water is a physical change.
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When a sample undergoes a chemical change, then
its chemical makeup changes.
For example, when potassium metal is added to
water two new chemicals (hydrogen gas and
dissolved potassium hydroxide) are formed.
2 K(s) 2 H2O(l) ? 2 KOH(aq) H2(g)
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?
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Matter exists in three forms solid, liquid and
gas
Liquids and solids are known as condensed states.
This means that the particles that make up
liquids and solids are very close together
(touching?) with little space in between.
As a result liquids and solids are not very
compressible. That is, when pressure is applied
their volumes dont change much.
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A solid has a definite volume and also a definite
shape. There is essentially no diffusion (mixing)
of one solid into another.
These properties result from the fact that the
particles in a solid do not move pass each other.
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A liquid has a definite volume, but no definite
shape.
A liquid takes on the shape of the container it
is in, but does not necessarily fill its entire
volume.
These properties result from the fact that
although the particles in a liquid are very close
together, they are able to move past each other.
So two liquids will often mix with each other.
Diffusion can occur, but only slowly through a
liquid.
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A gas has no definite volume or shape. It
spreads out to completely fill any container that
it is placed in.
When the pressure exerted on a gas is increased,
its volume decreases.
Diffusion occurs rapidly through a gas
These properties result from the fact that the
particles in a sample of gas are very far apart
and have very little attraction for each other.
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Think about a person diving off a cliff or board.
They fall through the air with ease (its a gas).
Entering the water can be a problem if too many
molecules of water are encountered at once (belly
flop).
A real problem is encountered if the pool is
empty and you try to enter the concrete bottom.
It is difficult to diffuse through a solid!!!
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In each of the following cases identify the
state(s) of matter that are consistent with the
statement.

• Liquid
• Solid
• Gas

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• Liquid
• Solid
• Gas

1) The molecules are very weakly attracted to
each other.
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• Liquid
• Solid
• Gas

The molecules are very close to each other.
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• Liquid
• Solid
• Gas

Characterized by almost no diffusion of particles
from one place to another.
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• Liquid
• Solid
• Gas

A substance that is in this state has a definite
volume, but takes on the shape of any container
in which it is placed.
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• Liquid
• Solid
• Gas

Increasing the pressure applied to a sample
results in a significant decrease in the volume
that it occupies.
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Pure substance vs Mixture
How can you tell the difference between pure
water and a sample of water with sugar dissolved
in it?
Pure substance - fixed composition
Mixture variable composition
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Element vs Compound
There are approximately 100 chemical elements
that make up all of the matter in our world. The
particles of these elements are called atoms.
A compound contains more than one element. These
are generally combined in a specific manner so
that the amount of each element in a compound is
always the same.
That is, the compound has a fixed composition and
is considered a pure substance.
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Chemicals, Toxicity, and Risk
Suppose that you are the chief executive of a
major pharmaceutical company and you are faced
with the following decision. A newly developed
drug will make your company 1,000,000,000 per
year, but its side effects will result in the
deaths of 100 people each year. Would you put
this drug on the market?
Suppose that you are the chief executive of a
major pharmaceutical company and you are faced
with the following decision. A newly developed
drug will make your company 1,000,000,000 per
year and it will save the lives of 100,000 people
each year. Would you put this drug on the market?
Now suppose that the two drugs are in fact the
same drug. Would you put this drug on the market?
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The Chemical Elements
You must learn the names and symbols of the
chemical elements listed at the bottom of page 7
in your text.
Here are the hard ones Sodium
Na Potassium K Silver Ag
(HiYoAg) Gold Au (AuH2O in
64) Mercury Hg Lead Pb Arsenic As Antimony
Sb Magnesium Mg Manganese Mn Tin Sn Copper
Cu
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Dont forget to stop and work the problems in the
text as you read through the chapter.
End-of-Chapter Questions (page 14) 20-23, 28,
38, 40, 44-51, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60 You may do more
if you choose.
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Butane has a melting point of 138.4oC and a
boiling point of 0.5oC. If room temperature is
25oC, butane is a

• gas.
• liquid.
• solid.
• Cant tell from the given information.

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Butane has a melting point of 138.4oC and a
boiling point of 0.5oC. If room temperature is
25oC, butane is a

• gas.
• liquid.
• solid.
• Cant tell from the given information.

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How many atoms of hydrogen are in one molecule of
isopropyl alcohol, (CH3)2CHOH?

• One
• Two
• Three
• Eight

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How many atoms of hydrogen are in one molecule of
isopropyl alcohol, (CH3)2CHOH?

• One
• Two
• Three
• Eight

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The element indicated in blue on the periodic
table is a

• metalloid.
• mixture.
• metal.
• nonmetal.

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The element indicated in blue on the periodic
table is a

• metalloid.
• mixture.
• metal.
• nonmetal.

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Which is a physical change?

• Boiling of liquid water to form steam (gaseous
  water)
• Combustion of gasoline to form carbon dioxide and
  water
• Electrolysis of water to form hydrogen and oxygen
• Neutralization of hydrochloric acid with sodium
  hydroxide to form water and sodium chloride

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Which is a physical change?

• Boiling of liquid water to form steam (gaseous
  water)
• Combustion of gasoline to form carbon dioxide and
  water
• Electrolysis of water to form hydrogen and oxygen
• Neutralization of hydrochloric acid with sodium
  hydroxide to form water and sodium chloride

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Which is a chemical change?

• Dissolution of solid potassium chloride in water
  to form aqueous potassium chloride
• Oxidation of copper metal to form copper(II)
  oxide
• Sublimation of dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) to
  form gaseous carbon dioxide
• Vaporization of liquid ammonia to form gaseous
  ammonia

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Which is a chemical change?

• Dissolution of solid potassium chloride in water
  to form aqueous potassium chloride
• Oxidation of copper metal to form copper(II)
  oxide
• Sublimation of dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) to
  form gaseous carbon dioxide
• Vaporization of liquid ammonia to form gaseous
  ammonia

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Give the symbol for the element silicon.

• S
• Sc
• Si
• Sn

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Give the symbol for the element silicon.

• S
• Sc
• Si
• Sn

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Give the symbol for the element sodium.

• Na
• S
• Si
• Sm

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Give the symbol for the element sodium.

• Na
• S
• Si
• Sm