Objective 1 Scientific Method

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Objective 1 Scientific Method

• Reading Graphs and Data Tables and Tips for
  Success

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When answering a question with a table, diagram
or graph. . .

• Read the title of the graph, table or diagram.
• Read each label, and any measurement units for
  the labels.
• Look at the data presented to determine if you
  see a trend. For example, in a row do the
  numbers go up or down? or is there no pattern?
  In a column, do the numbers go up or down?
• Carefully look at pictures to determine changes
  from one diagram to the next.

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Once you have gathered the information from the
diagram. . .

• Now you are ready to find the question in the
  question.
• That means look for a question mark. Use a
  highlighter! If none,
• Look for a question word or blank that needs to
  be completed.

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Lets try this on a few . . .

• We are looking at 4 solutions
• if they conduct electricity,
• what they do to litmus paper, and
• their pH.

• We are looking at 4 solutions
• if they conduct electricity,
• what they do to litmus paper, and
• their pH.

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Now we know what the table says

• What trends do you see?
• What happens to pH and litmus when the electrical
  conductivity is VERY HIGH?
• The pH is 10.0 (litmus blue) or 2.0 (litmus red)
• When is electrical conductivity LOW?
• The pH is 6.5 (litmus blue)
• Only MODERATE when pH is 5.6 (litmus red)
• So, what does the pH and litmus tell you about
  the electrical conductivity?
• Strong bases (high pH) and strong acids (low pH)
  are better at conducting electricity.

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Now look at the question. . .

• 29 The table shows data from an investigation
  designed to find a liquid solution that is both
  an acid and a strong electrolyte. Based on the
  data, a solution that is both an acid and a
  strong electrolyte is
• A Solution 1
• B Solution 2
• C Solution 3
• D Solution 4

What are we looking for?
Acid and strong electrolyte, so, low pH and Very
High Electrical Conductivity, which we already
had identified!!!
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Try another one . . .

• We are looking at something in 3 tubes,
• Each tube at a different temperature,
• We are counting the number of bubbles after 2
  minutes and 4 minutes.
• What do you see as a trend?

Number of Bubbles 1,2,4 for Tube 1 3,6,12 in
2 9,18,? in 3 What do you think the question
is?
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Now lets look at the question . . .

• 17 The table shows the results of growing a yeast
  culture in a 5 glucose solution. The number of
  bubbles produced was used to indicate the extent
  of respiration by the yeast. If all other factors
  are held constant, how many bubbles should be
  produced in Tube 3 after 4 minutes?
• A 20 B 24
• C 27 D 36

From start to 2 min it doubles, for 4 min it is
times 4. 9 x 4 36
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31 An environmental-science company measured the
ozone pollutant levels at two different locations
in a metropolitan area. Which statement is best
supported by these data?
Look for the unsafe levels and where and when
they occur.
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Both occurred on 7/15 at a temperature of 38 oC,
so . .

• A Lower fuel efficiency and northerly winds in
  the winter increase ozone pollution the most.
• B Northwest winds in the spring transport ozone
  pollution into the metropolitan area.
• C High summer temperatures and southerly winds
  contribute to high levels of ozone.
• D Heavy use of automobiles changes ozone levels
  the most.

winter
spring
This is true, however not supported by the data
in the table since both downtown and northwest
areas had increases.
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Your turn . . .

• 11 The graph shows the results of a study testing
  chemical pesticides on a pest species common to
  cotton plants. Different chemical pesticides were
  used in five different areas. According to these
  results, which of the following is the most
  effective chemical for controlling this pest
  species?
• A R
• B S
• C T
• D V

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So, what does the graph tell you?

• It compares 5 pesticides,
• The height of each column is the number of
  surviving offspring per square meter.
• What does that mean if the column is short?

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Look for the question . . .

• According to these results, which of the
  following is the most effective chemical for
  controlling this pest species?

• What are you being asked to find if the pest
  species is controlled?
• Are you looking for most dead, or most alive?
• Most alive is two equal columns S U, most dead
  is T

Correct answer C (column T)
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The Formula Chart for Science

• On the science chart, the meanings of the letters
  in the formulas are given to you.
• You must know the measurement units to know what
  numbers fit to which letter.
• The box at the bottom provides some help . . .
  Lets look.

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When you dont know look!

• Very important information is here.
• Example Newton which is the unit of Force is
  found by multiplying kg (mass) times m/s2 which
  is the unit for acceleration.

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Example

• What is the net force exerted on a 90.0 kg
  race-car driver while the race car is
  accelerating from 0 to 44.7 m/s in 4.50 s?
• F 9.8 N
• G 20 N
• H 201 N
• J 894 N

We see kg, but not m/s2, so we have to calculate
acceleration first . . Acceleration Vf Vi
time A
44.7 0 9.9 m/s2 4.5 So F
90.0kg x 9.9 m/s2 893.9 N
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Science questions some times give more
information than is needed.

• Match units to formulas on the formula page.
• Time should be in seconds in all formulas.
• Mass must be in Kilograms for Force, Momentum,
  Work and Power.
• Work and energy must be in Joules or
  Newton-meters.
• This can be overwhelming if you try to wait until
  the day before to learn them. Try flash cards
  with units and what they measure.

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• A person pushes a large box across a level
  floor by applying a horizontal force of 200 N.
  If the person pushes the box a distance of 5
  meters in 10 seconds, how much work does the
  person do on the box?
• A 2000 joules
• B 1000 joules
• C 400 joules
• D 100 joules

XXXXXXXXXXXX

• In problems with numbers
• find the question word,
• look up the formula on the formula page,
• Cross out information you do not need
• put the numbers in the CALCULATOR in order.

Work force x distance No mention of time! or
200N x 5 m 1000 joules
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Momentum mv so . . .

• 3 Which bike rider has the greatest momentum?
• A A 40 kg person riding at 45 km/h
• B A 50 kg person riding at 35 km/h
• C A 60 kg person riding at 25 km/h
• D A 70 kg person riding at 15 km/h

1800
1750
1500
1050
Just like on the Math test, plug in each answer
and see which one works (it is the largest). . .
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Try the next 5 questions yourself.
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• 1 In 1967, 34 million metric tons of fertilizers
  were used in the United States. According to the
  graph, how many more metric tons of fertilizers
  were used 30 years later?
• A 16 million B 25
  million
• C 64 million D 84
  million

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• 2 The graph shows the relative basal metabolic
• rates of a field mouse and an anole (a type
  of lizard) at different temperatures. According
  to this information, the field mouse
• A uses the least energy when the environmental
  temperature is 30C
• B is able to control its body temperature
• C uses less energy at 20C than the anole does
• D is unaffected by environmental temperatures

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• 3 Horses kept in stables sometimes chew on
  wood. This can lead to damage to the mouth and
  digestive system. The graph shows the results of
  a study of a medication that prevents horses from
  chewing on wood. From the graph, what inference
  can be made about the effectiveness of the
  product?
• A Most horses like the medication.
• B The medication is most effective between
  Days 4 and 5.
• C Most horses will show improvement within 7
  days.
• D The effects of the medication are long
  lasting.

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• 4 According to this information, what is the best
  prediction for the boiling point of the seven
  carbon alcohol?
• A 169C
• B 178C
• C 186C
• D 192C

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• 5 Assuming the chart contains all energy
  transformations in the Earth system, how much
  solar radiation goes toward evaporating water?
• F 40,000 terajoules
• G 92,410 terajoules
• H 121,410 terajoules
• J 133,410 terajoules

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And the correct answers are

• Answer A 50 million 34 million 16
• Answer A, at the 30oC the mouse graph is below
  the anole.
• Answer C the graph shows 90 of horses stopped
  after 7 days, and the number remained high after
  that.
• Answer B Each carbon added adds about 19oC to
  the boiling point.
• Answer F subtract each of the categories from
  the top one titled Solar radiation reaching
  earth which is the total.

How well did you do? 5100, 480, 360 . .