Classification

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Chapter 18

• Classification

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18.1 Concept Map
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Aristotle
Carolus Linnaeus
Classification
Binomial Nomenclature
Taxonomy
Kingdom
Genus
Species
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Taxon
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18.2 Concept Map
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Classification Models
Evolutionary Classification
Phylogeny
Dichotomous key
Cladistics
Cladogram
Derived Character
Molecular Clock
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18.3 Concept Map
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Six Kingdoms
Domains
Eubacteria
Bacteria
Prokaryotes
Archaebacteria
Archaea
Kingdom Protista
Eukarya
Kingdom Fungi
Name characteristics of each
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
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18.1 Finding Order in Diversity

• Scientists must use a method to keep all of the
  different discovered organisms in the world
  organized.
• They use a form of classification, or placing
  similar things into groups.

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18.1 Finding Order in Diversity

• Taxonomy is the branch of Biology that deals with
  the grouping and naming of organisms.
• Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) came up with the first
  system with 2 groups- plants and animals.
• It obviously ignored anything microscopic.
• It grouped flies with bats with birds just
  because they flew, ignoring their evolutionary
  ancestry.

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18.1 Finding Order in Diversity

• Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) developed the
  modern day system of classification.
• Naming based on similar structural elements.
• Evolutionary relationships were later used by
  scientists.

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18.1 Finding Order in Diversity

• Binomial nomenclature (means two names in Latin)
  uses two names, genus and species to give
  organisms their names for classification.
• Devised by Linnaeus
• A genus is a group of similar species.
• A species is a group of organisms that can
  successfully interbreed.
• Ex. Homo sapiens, Felis concolor, Mus musculus,
  Vulpes vulpes, Gorilla gorilla.

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18.1 Finding Order in Diversity

• First letter of genus is always capitalized,
  first letter of species is always lowercase.
• When written by hand, name should be underlined
• When typed, name should be in italics.
• One scientific name, many common names.
• Dog, perro, chien, mbwa (Swahili) or Canis
  familiaris.

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18.1 Finding Order in Diversity

• Scientists use a taxonomic hierarchy, or grouping
  that goes from having very specific
  characteristics to broad ones.
• The smallest group, or taxon, is the species.
  The largest is the Kingdom.
• Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,
  Species.
• King Philip Came Over From Germany Sailing!
• Dont forget Division!

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18.1 Finding Order in Diversity
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18.1 Finding Order in Diversity
Human Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominida
e Homo Sapiens
Housecat Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Feli
dae Felis Familiaris
Chimpanzee Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Pon
gidae Pan Troglodytes
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
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18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification

• Factors in Determining Evolutionary
  Relationships
• Structural Similarities
• Breeding Behavior
• Ex. Frogs with different calls
• Geographical Distribution
• Location, Location, Location!
• Chromosome Comparisons
• Cabbage, Kale, Broccoli
• Humans, apes, chimps
• Biochemistry
• DNA sequencing

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18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification

• Phylogeny The evolutionary history of a species.
• A phylogeny of one species or several species can
  be illustrated in a certain type of diagram.
• A cladogram is one type of this diagram. It uses
  branches to show where in time certain groups
  diverged from one another.
• Ex. On next slide

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18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification
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18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification

• Derived Characters Characteristics that appear
  in individuals of a clade that appeared recently
  in their history, but is not found in older
  members.
• Ex. Camouflage ability of a chameleon that
  doesnt exist in the chameleon ancestor.
• Molecular Clock using DNA (or RNA) comparisons
  to determine the length of time since organisms
  shared a common ancestor
• Look at number of mutated (changed) genes

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18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification
Info. Chart and Questions
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18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification

• Cladistics is the study of these evolutionary
  relationships among groups of organisms and the
  production of cladograms.
• A fan diagram is the other type

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18.3 Kingdoms and Domains

• Prokaryotes
• Do not have a nucleus.
• Actually split into two separate kingdoms-
  Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.
• Domain Archaea contains the Kingdom
  Archaebacteria which are a type of bacteria found
  in harsh, seemingly unlivable environments such
  as hot springs or deep sea vents.
• These environments are often oxygen free!
• No peptidoglycan in their cell walls

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18.3 Kingdoms and Domains

• Domain Bacteria Made up of the Kingdom
  Eubacteria and make up most of the Prokaryotes.
• They are your basic bacteria that do not live in
  these harsh environments and most need oxygen to
  live.
• Some cause disease, some can actually be helpful.
  Most dont affect us.
• Peptidoglycan in their cell walls

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18.3 Kingdoms and Domains
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18.3 Kingdoms and Domains
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18.3 Kingdoms and Domains

• Domain Eukarya organisms with eukaryotic cells-
  cells that contain a membrane bound nucleus and
  other membrane bound structures.
• Humans have eukaryotic cells.

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18.3 Kingdoms and Domains

• Kingdom Protista
• See Ch. 20, p. 497 for examples of Protists.
• Usually unicellular and mobile
• Protists lack organ systems and live in moist
  environments.

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18.3 Kingdoms and Domains

• Kingdom Fungi A eukaryote, a fungus is either
  unicellular or multicellular and does not move
  from place to place. It absorbs nutrients from
  its environment for its energy.
• See Cap. 21 on p. 526.

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18.3 Kingdoms and Domains

• Kingdom Plantae Consists of all plants. All are
  multicellular, all are oxygen producers, all are
  eukaryotic, all use the sun as an energy source.
• Have different tissue types and organs as well as
  organ systems.
• Ex. Mosses, Ferns, Evergreens, Maple Trees.
• Cell Walls.

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18.3 Kingdoms and Domains

• Kingdom Animalia Consists of all animals.
  Eukaryotic celled organisms that usually move
  from place to place. They must eat other
  organisms to obtain their energy. They have
  tissues, organs, and organ systems.
• No cell walls.
• Ex. Tissue- muscle, Organ- heart, Organ system,
  circulatory system.

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Important Study Tips!
Chapter 18

• Aristotle/Linnaeus
• Classification/Taxonomy/Binomial Nomenclature
• Writing Scientific Names
• KPCOFGS
• Phylogeny/Cladistics
• Fan Diagram/Cladogram
• 6 Kingdoms- Characteristics of each
• Archaebacteria/Eubacteria
• Eukaryote/Prokaryote
• Molecular Clock
• Derived Characters

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18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification
Go Back
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18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification
1.2.3.
Go Back
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Extra Questions on Ch. 17 test

• Form A
• A relationship between organisms in which one
  species benefits and the other is unaffected is
  calleda) commensalismb) mutualismc)
  parasitism
• The stable ecosystem that develops due to
  succession is______.a) a climax communityb) is
  called a nichec) never changes
• A gradual change in the characteristics of a
  species over time is calleda) reproductionb)
  growth and developmentc) evolutiond)
  super-selection
• The science of protecting wildlife to prevent
  extinction is calleda) huntingb) conservation
  biologyc) habitat conservationd) degradation

• Form B
• A relationship between organisms in which one
  species benefits and the other is unaffected is
  calleda) parasitism b) mutualismc)
  commensalism
• The stable ecosystem that develops due to
  succession is______.a) never changes b) a
  climax communityc) is called a niche
• A gradual change in the characteristics of a
  species over time is calleda) evolutionb)
  reproductionc) growth and developmentd)
  super-selection
• The science of protecting wildlife to prevent
  extinction is calleda) habitat conservationb)
  degradation c) huntingd) conservation biology