Presentacin de PowerPoint

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ANALYSIS AND TESTING OF SMALL WIND TURBINES
CONNECTED TO WEAK AND AUTONOMOUS GRIDS
LUIS CANO LUIS M. ARRIBAS CIEMAT (Spain)
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• INDEX
• Background
• SWT connected to the grid
• State of the art
• SWT
• Inverters - Measurements
• Standards revision
• SWT connected to Autonomous systems.
• DC-coupled
• Case study CICLOPS system.
• AC-coupled
• Case study HYBRIX system.

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BACKGROUNDS General view phase I
100 m Mast
SWT Measuring
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BACKGROUNDS General view phase II
SWT Measuring
Meteorological Masts
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BACKGROUNDS

• CIEMATs TEST FACILITY
• Power Performance Tests. (IEC 61400-12)
• Noise Emission Measurement (IEC 61400-11)
• Safety and Function Tests (IEC WT 01)
• Measurements of grid connected SWT (IEC
  61400-21)
• Duration Tests (IEC WT 01)
• Other Test
• Generators performance
• Blade Test

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SWT connected to the grids State of the art
CONNECTION TOPOLOGIES
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RECTIFIER CHOPPER INVERTER
(Optional)
GRID
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GRID
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SWT connected to the grids State of the art
Principal SWT connected to grids in Europe (I)
Source Manufacturer webpages
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SWT connected to the grids State of the art
Principal SWT connected to grids in Europe (II)
Source Manufacturer webpages
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SWT connected to the grids State of the art
Inverters

• 6 THYRISTOR BRIDGE INVERTER

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SWT connected to the grids State of the art
Inverters

• 6 IGBT PWM INVERTER

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SWT connected to the grids State of the art
Inverters. Case 6 IGBT PWM INVERTER
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• Measurements of grid connected SWT

Data of SWT measured. Case of a 5kW 6 IGBT PWM
inverter
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• Standards revision. IEC 61000 standards on EMC

3-2 2001. Limits for harmonic current emissions
(equipment input current up to and including 16 A
per phase). 3-3 1997. Limitation of voltage
fluctuation and flicker in low-voltage supply
systems for equipment with rated current of 16
A. 4-7 2004. Harmonics and Interharmonics
Measurements and Instrumentation for Power Supply
Systems 4-11 2004. Voltage Dips, Short
Interruptions, and Voltage Variations Immunity
Test 4-15 2004. Flickermeter 6-3 Ed 2 (RDIS)
2004. Generic standards -Emission standard for
residential commercial and light industrial
environments 6-4 2002. Generic standards
-Emission standard for industrial environments
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• Standards revision. Other local Standards.

American Standards UL 1741 Static Inverters
and Charge Controllers IEEE 519 Harmonic Control
in Electric Power Systems IEEE 929 Utility
interface of Photovoltaic ANSI C62.41, C1,
C2 Surge Voltages in Low-Voltage AC Power
Circuits British Connection Standards GE 59,
83 Embedded Generating Plants, Small-scale
generators (up to 16A) GE 77 Single-phase
photovoltaic generators up to 5kVA German
Standards VDE 0126 Automatic Disconnection
Facility for PV Installations Others KEMA
K150 Small Grid-connected Photovoltaic
Systems JIS C 8962 Power Conditioners for Small
PV Power Generating Systems ÖNORM/ÖVE
2750 Austrian Guideline - PV Power Generation
Systems NEN1010 Grid-connected PV
Systems AS3000, AS4777 Australian - Connection
of Energy Systems CSA F381 Canadian - Power
Conditioning Systems
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• SWT connected to Autonomous systems.

Connection Topologies (I) DC-Coupled
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• SWT connected to Autonomous systems.

Connection Topologies (I) DC-Coupled

• PQ dependant on
• the inverter
• the load
• not on the SWT

• Power electronics
• Rectifier (for the SWT)
• DC/DC converter (optional)
• Stand-alone Inverter
• self-commutated
• voltage controlled
• Stabilizing Unit
• long-term storage (battery)
• One-way converter (inverter)
• Traditional and common way of connection
• Well known (stand-alone systems)
• High quality, relative low price

Back-up Genset
Wind Turbine
Battery Storage
-

DC Side
Rectifier Regulator

Stand-alone Inverter
AC Side
Energy Use
Energy Use
Energy Use
Energy Use
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• DC-Coupled SWT connected to Autonomous systems.

Case Study CICLOPS Project Description
7.5 kW SWT 5 kWp PV array 20 kVA Genset 595 C10
Battery Storage
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• DC-Coupled SWT connected to Autonomous systems.

Case Study CICLOPS Project Data Logging
Description
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• DC-Coupled SWT connected to Autonomous systems.

Case Study CICLOPS Project WT Power Curve
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• DC-Coupled SWT connected to Autonomous systems.

Case Study CICLOPS Project Inverter
characterization
Harmonic Distortion for orders from 2 to 50 (3400
W resistive load)
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• DC-Coupled SWT connected to Autonomous systems.

Case Study CICLOPS Project Inverter
characterization
Harmonic Distortion for 1 phase (U, I, P) for
different resistive loads (cos F 1).
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• SWT connected to Autonomous systems.

Connection Topologies (II) AC-Coupled
Wind Turbine
Battery Storage
Back-up Genset

Bi-directional Converter
Grid-connected Inverter
AC Side
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• SWT connected to Autonomous systems.

Connection Topologies (II) AC-Coupled

• Power electronics
• Rectifier
• DC/DC converter (optional)
• Inverter (optional)
• Bi-directional converter
• Stabilizing Unit
• long-term storage (battery)
• Bi-directional converter
• Recently developed
• AREP Project
• SMA concept technology

• PQ dependant on
• AC coupled devices (including the SWT)
• the inverter
• the load

Back-up Genset
Battery Storage
Wind Turbine

Bi-directional Converter
Grid-connected Inverter
AC Side
Energy Use
Energy Use
Energy Use
Energy Use
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• SWT connected to Autonomous systems.

Case Study HYBRIX Project Description
10 kW Vergnet SWT 30.8 kW PV array and 20 kVA
diesel genset. 3 lead acid batteries (2x2200
Ah, 1x800 Ah, 60 volts)
From Iberinco desarrolla el sistema híbrido de
generación eléctrica aislado Hybrix .
Infoenergía.com
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• SWT connected to Autonomous systems.

Case Study HYBRIX Project PQ issues - Sunny
Island characteristics
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CONCLUSIONS

• Each country has its own Grid-connection
  standards
• Lack of optimal coupling between the converter
  and the turbine. (Most of manufacturers buy the
  inverter and dont adapted it)
• Except few ones, its not easy to know if the
  inverters fulfilled the standards
• Inverters are carried out for PV market
• Technology is not mature
• Certification in each country is very costly

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!