Chapters 20, 21, 22, 23

1
Exam Lecture 1 Review

• Chapters 20, 21, 22, 23 26

2
Chapter 20 key terms and concepts

• Darwin
• Evolution
• 3 sources of genetic variation (mutations, gene
  flow, genetic shuffling)
• Natural selection vs. inheritance of acquired
  characteristics
• Population genetics
• Polymorphic
• Heterozygosity
• Homozygosity
• Hardy-Weinberg Principle
• 5 assumptions
• Equation
• What variables stand for
• Problems
• 5 agents of evolutionary change
• Mutation
• Gene flow
• Nonrandom mating
• Genetic drift
• selection

3
Chapter 20

• Founder effect vs. bottleneck effect
• Florida panther handout
• Artificial vs. Natural selection
• Examples of selection
• Avoid predators, match climate, pesticide
  resistance
• Fitness and how to measure it
• Frequency-dependent selection (positive-negative)
• Oscillating selection
• Heterozygote selection
• Disruptive selection
• Direction selection
• Stabilizing selection
• Trinidad guppy study (natural selection example)
• Pleitrophy
• Epistasis

4
Chapter 21 key terms and concepts

• Evidence for Natural selection
• Beaks of Darwins finches
• Peppered moths and industrial melanism
• Fossils
• Anatomical
• Convergent evolution and the biogeographical
  record
• 3 criteria for theory of evolution by NS
• Variation must exist
• Variation must lead to differences in
  reproductive success
• Variation among individuals must be genetically
  passed down to next generation
• Grant and Grant studies
• Artificial selection
• Fruit fly lab experiment, agriculture,
  domestication of dogs, etc.

5
Chapter 21

• Fossils and radioactive decay
• Dinosaur with feathers press release
• Homologous vs. analogous structures
• Similar embryonic development in some groups
• Neck vertebrae suited to use
• Mollusck eye vs. vertebrate eye
• Vestigial structures
• Convergent evolution examples
• Darwins conclusions
• Darwins critics

6
Chapter 22

• Refer to handout

7
Chapter 23 key terms and concepts

• Systematics
• Phylogeny
• Cladogram
• Punctuated evolution vs. gradual evolution
• Oscillating selection
• Evolutionary reversal
• Derived vs. ancestral characteristics examples
• Characters used in cladistics (morphology,
  behavior, physiology, DNA)
• Polarize the characters is 1st step in cladistics
• Determine presence or absence in most recent
  common ancestor
• Out-group comparison
• Clade

8
Chapter 23

• Synapomorphy
• Plesiomorphies vs. symplesiomorphies
• Homoplasy
• Parsimony
• Other phylogenetic methods used (evolution of DNA
  genome, statistical approaches, molecular clock)
• Classification
• Taxonomic hierarchy
• Monophyletic
• Paraphyletic
• Polyphyletic
• Phylogentic species concept
• Biological species concept
• Phylogenetics
• Homoplastic structures
• Homoplastic convergence
• Disease evolution

9

• What are the 8 properties of life shared by all
  organisms?
• Who developed the binomial system of
  nomenclature?
• What is the hierarchical system of
  classification?
• What are the limitations of the hierarchy?
• Compare the 6 kingdom classification system with
  the 3 domain classification system. Which is
  monophyletic?
• ----------------- are the most abundant organisms
  on earth.
• What are the four kingdoms of eukaryotes?
• What are the 3 key characteristics of the
  eukaryotes?
• -------------- techniques are providing new
  information and regrouping most taxa.