Ancient Egypt

1
Ancient Egypt

• Ms. Glenn
• Freshman World History

2
Relative Location of Ancient Egypt

• Located along the Nile River, flowing South to
  North, the longest River in the WORLD! To the
  west is the Sahara.
• The Nile flows South to North into the
  Mediterranean Sea. The source is Lake Victoria,
  named after a Queen of England.
• Upper Egypt is South and Lower Egypt is North.

3
Map of Egypt
4
Three Kingdoms, 34 Dynasties

• Egyptian History is divided into three Kingdoms
  or time periods.
• The Old Kingdom
• Middle Kingdom
• New Kingdom
• Throughout these time periods, 34 DYNASTIES or
  ruling families controlled Egypt, not all of
  them were Egyptian.

5
Location, Location, Location

• Egypt began as a collection of small city states,
  expanding into 2 parts, UPPER and LOWER EGYPT.
• King Menes in 3100 B.C. Established capital at
  Memphis, Uniting Egypt into 1 nation.
• Nile allowed for cheap, reliable trade.
• Complex irrigation and levee system allowed for
  fertile soil and farming.

6
1 Nation under..Gods

• Mesopotamia was a large number of city-states,
  not united under 1 ruler.
• Egyptmuch stronger civilization because it was
  united under 1 ruler or dynasty.

7
Egyptian Social Classes

• Pharaoh's were considered living Gods with
  ABSOLUTE power, could not be challenged.
• Nobles/Warriors
• Artisans/Merchants
• Farmers/Slaves

8
Pharaohs The Living Gods

• Pharaohs were religious and governmental leaders
  of Egyptian Government.
• In the Old Kingdom, a king who failed a physical
  test was sacrificed to the gods by the priests.
• In the New Kingdom, sick pharaohs who were bad
  rulers would be allowed to die so a strong
  pharaoh could take over.

9
Egyptian Society Men vs. Women

• Other than Pharaohs and Nobles, men did not have
  many rights.
• Egyptian Women, like American Women had some
  rights.1. Could hold property.
• 2. Had protection against
• Violence.
• 3.Could own land. Women
• Could even be Pharaohs!

10
Egyptian Writing

• Hieroglyphics- words of the gods
• Style of writing that
• Imitates Cuneiform (cultural
• Diffusion.)
• Decoded by Rosetta Stone
• And have been deciphered.
• Pictographic style of writing
• that uses pictures to represent
• Words.

11
The Rosetta Stone

• Created in 196 B.C.
• Has 1 Line of Greek, 2 lines of
• Egyptian hieroglyphics.
• Discovered by Napoleon in
• 1799, decoded by Jean Francois
• Champollion in 1822, using
• Greek as A base. All 3 lines
• said the same
• thing.
• Today can be found in
• Londons British Museum

12
Egyptian Religion

• Polytheistic Believed in many Gods.
• Took religious roots from ANIMISM the belief
  that all things had a spirit.
• Believed gods were represented by animal form
  (example Horus hawk, Anubis-Jackal)
• Ancient Greeks and Romans were influenced by
  Egyptian religion, especially Isis and Osiris
  which represent a mother and child.

13
Pyramids

• Pyramids served as tombs for the afterlife.
• Mummies were buried to preserve body for the
  afterlife.
• Offerings, possessions were placed in the tomb to
  enjoy the afterlife, including slaves and
  favorite animals.
• Egyptian Pyramids influenced by Sumerian style
  architecture.

14
How did Pyramids Change?

• During the Old Kingdom, the great pyramids such
  as the Sphinx and the Pyramid of Giza in the
  Valley of the Kings.
• During the New Kingdom, pyramids were switched
  for secret tombs to prevent tomb robbers from
  finding the entrance to the tombs.

15
The Pyramid at Giza

• The Pyramid at Giza with the Great Sphinx took
  100,000 men 200 years to build for the Pharaoh
  Khufu.
• 30 Times Larger than the Empire State Building
  and CAN be seen from the moon.
• Last of the Original 7 Wonders of the World.
• Remains at constant 68 degrees inside.

16
The Great Pyramid at Giza
17
Like Father Like Son

• The Pharaoh Khafre later built the Great Sphinx
  in the valley near the Great Pyramid of Giza
  close to his dad, Khufu.
• Face of a pharaoh on the body of a lion. Sphinx
  means strangler to the Greeks.
• Faces the rising sun, has decayed because of
  weather.
• Napoleon supposedly shot off the nose with a
  canon ball.

18
The Great Sphinx
19
Great Temple of Abu Simbel

• Built by the Pharaoh Rameses (II) the Great
  during the NEW kingdom.
• Cut out of solid rock, features 4 statues of
  Rameses himself.
• Each statue is at least 67 feet high.
• His wife, Queen Nefretari and their children are
  much smaller statues at his feet.

20
(No Transcript)
21
How to Make a Mummy

• Egyptians were mummified to preserve body in the
  after life, usually by a priest with a jackal
  mask.
• 1. Remove internal organs, except the heart.
  Brain is removed through nostrils and ears. Put
  organs in Canopic Jars to be saved with the
  mummy.
• 2. Bathe the body with spices, and wine. Cover
  with Natron Salt let sit for 70-90 days.
• 3. Take Linen and stuff the body like a Turkey,
  making the body resume some shape.

22
Mummification Continued

• Wrap the body in linens several times to create
  scary, creepy look.
• 5. Place body in a double coffin, one inside the
  other. Place coffin in a stone Sarcophagus inside
  a hidden tomb or pyramid.
• 6. Make offerings to keep the
• soul happy.
• Ceremony is done in a NECROPOLIS
• or City of the Dead.

23
Mummification Result

• Mummy of Rameses II

24
The Egyptian Soul

• Divided into 3 parts, the akh, Ba, and Ka.
• Mummies were made to keep all 3 parts alive.
• Akh was the soul that went to the afterlife.
• The Ba could go in and out of the tomb to visit
  family.
• The Ka lived inside the tomb and had to be
  pleased with gifts or the family would be
  haunted.

25
The Weighing of the Heart

• Egyptian mummies kept
• their heart to be weighed on a
• scale in the afterlife.
• If the heart was heavier
• than a feather, the soul had
• too many sins to
• pass into the afterlife.

26
CULTURAL DIFFUSION

• The process of parts of a culture spreading out
  and influencing other cultures.
• EXAMPLES
• 1. Greeks and Romans borrowing Egyptian Gods.
• 2. Egyptians basing pyramids on Sumerian Step
  architecture.
• 3. Egyptian Hieroglyphics influenced by Sumerian
  Cuneiform.

27
What did Egypt Give us?

• Egyptians were very arrogant, they knew how great
  they were and wanted to be remembered.
• They created a written history to be remembered.
• They mummified their dead to live on forever.
• Created paper out of Papyrus.
• 365 Day calendar based on the sun and stars.
• Eyeliner also known as KOHL to reflect the sun.
  (used now by football players on cheeks)

28
What Happened to the Egyptians?

• During the New Kingdom (the last time period)
• Egypt was invaded by outside countries.
• In 332 B.C. Alexander the Great (the Greek)
  invaded and took over Egypt. Established the
  great library at Alexandria.
• After his death, his General Ptolemy took over
  and had several rulers after him such as
  Cleopatra.
• In 30 B.C. Rome took over Egypt without much of a
  fight.