Ontwikkelingspsychologie

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Ontwikkelingspsychologie
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Laatste woord?

• Verisimilitude vs. beleidsadvies
• Cantor on horror

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Fright
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Fright
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Opzet

• Algemeen overzicht van onderzoek (TV)
• Moral development (Kohlberg)
• Voorbeelden Just world
• Josè Brewer (1984)
• Zillmann Bryant (1975)

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Overzicht themas (TV)

• Agressie en imitatie
• Inferenties
• Aandacht
• Kijkstijl
• Conventies

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Overzicht themas (TV)

• Begrip van doel reclame
• Negatieve invloed op lezen
• Negatieve invloed op fantasie
• Rol van morele ontwikkeling bij waardering

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Just world

• Moral development (Kohlberg)
• Invloed op waardering verhalen

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Kohlberg

• Cognitieve ontwikkeling
• toenemende mate van complexiteit in denken over
  ethische problemen.
• Vooral in het begin toenemende mate in staat
  zich in de situatie van de andere in te leven.

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Dilemma 1

• Joey wanted to go sled riding, but he could not
  go until he apologized to his sister for calling
  her a liar. He reluctantly and resentfully
  apologized, took out his sled and began his fun.
  He turned the sled runners too far and broke one
  of the runners. Soon his sister returned from the
  store, and disguising the snap in the runner,
  Joey allowed his sister to take a running flop on
  the sled. Even though she was hurt, she
  apologized over and over for breaking the sled.
  Joey felt sorry, but he didnt confess that the
  sled was already broken. His sister went into the
  house and Joey wished he had not gone sled riding.

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Dilemma 2

• A woman is near death from cancer. One drug
  might save her, a form of radium discovered by a
  chemist living in the same town, who is selling
  the drug at ten times what it cost him to
  manufacture it. The sick womans husband tried to
  borrow the money but could raise only half the
  price. He told the chemist that his wife was
  dying and asked hum to sell the drug more cheaply
  or, at least, let him pay later, but the chemist
  refused. The desperate husband broke into the
  chemists shop to steal the drug for his wife.
  Should he have done that?

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Kohlberg

• Three levels of moral development
• (Amoral orientation)
• Preconventional level
• Conventional level
• Postconventional level

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1. Preconventional

• Stage 1. Morality of punishment and obedience
• Stage 2. Morality of naïve instrumental hedonism

• Avoidence of punishment
• Egocenric perspective weighing o potential risks
  and benefits

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2. Conventional

• Stage 3. Morality of maintaining good relations
• Stage 4. Morality of maintaining social order

• Morality based on approval from others
• Rules and laws define morality

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3. Postconventional

• Stage 5. Morality of social contracts
• Stage 6. Morality of universal ethical principles
• Stage 7. Morality of cosmic orietation

• Obey societal rules for the common good, although
  individual rights sometimes outweigh laws
• Societal laws and rules based on ethical values
• Adoption of values that transcend societal norms

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Kritiek

• Sekse verschillen? (Gilligan)
• Eurocentristisch? (Shweder)
• Hierarchie is niet waardevrij
• Fases komen simultaan voor

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Just world

• Twee voorbeeldstudies

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Jose Brewer variables

• Independent
• Age similarity
• Gender similarity
• Character valence
• Outcome

• Dependent

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Jose Brewer variables

• Independent
• Age similarity
• Gender similarity
• Character valence
• Outcome
• Just World

• Dependent
• Perceived similarity
• Like character
• Become character
• Suspense
• Like outcome
• Like story

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José Brewer
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José Brewer
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José Brewer
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Zillmann Bryant

• A study of the role of moral development in
  appreciation of drama.
• Illustration of observation research
• References Zillmann, D. Bryant, J. (1975).
  Viewers moral sanction of retribution in the
  appreciation of dramatic presentations. Journal
  of experimental social psychology, 11, 572-582.

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Background

• Piaget (1948)
• Before 7 y. expiatory punishment.
• Punishment a unquestionable rule
• Consequences dictate degree of punishment
• No attention for motivational circumstances
• General The sterner the more just.
• After 7 y Punishment by reciprocity
• Consider motivational circumstances
• Punishment should be nor too mild nor too severe

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Method design, subjects

• 2 x 3 factorial design
• Developmental stage (expiatory retribution vs.
  equitable retribution)
• Degree of retaliation (under, fair, over).
• 30 4-year-olds, 30 7/8-year-olds, approximately
  half males/half females.

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Materials

• 3 Fairy tales (10 min, first 9.5 identical) on
  videotape, (rapid changing pictures/drawings and
  photographs)
• Storyline One good and one bad prince, bad
  prince plots to deprive brother of his share in
  kingdom
• Outcomes
• Fair bad prince is expelled
• Under no punishment
• Over bound, publicly put to shame, brand as
  traitor, expelled, impoverished.

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Dependent measures appreciation

• Observation of facial display (next slide)
• Interviews
• Retaliation
• Entire fairly tale
• Appropriateness of retaliation
• Subjects ratings
• Liking of good prince
• Disliking of bad prince

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Measure observation (13)

• Candid camera registration of last part
• In combination with other measures!
• Double blind (judges just faces visible, no
  sound, naive about purpose subjects no clue
  either).
• Questionnaire (0-100 scale, numbered and marked
  at interval of 10)

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Measure observation (23)

• 1. Positive affect displayed
• Gave no signs of liking (0), appeared to like it
  very much (100)
• 2. Intensity off positive affect displayed
• Not at all intense Extremely intense
• 3. Indication of relief
• No indication of relief appeared to be greatly
  relieved
• 4. Duration of positive and negative affect
• moment to moment rating by pressing button
  labeled positive affect or negative affect

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Measure observation (33)

• Evaluations only scored when judges agreed
• Differences in expressiveness duration of
  negative affect duration of positive affect

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Results
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Wat moet je onthouden?

• Dependent en independent
• Double blind
• Factorial design
• Kohlberg
• Piaget

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Vragen, opmerkingen?
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Verder lezen

• Shweder, R.A., Mahapatra, M., Miller, J.G.(1990).
  Cultural and moral development. J.W. Stigler et
  al. (Eds.)..Cultural psychology Essays on
  comparative human development. Cambridge
  Cambridge University Press.