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Nanotechnologies for displays and data storage
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Trends in Flat Panel Displays

• The market shares of the Flat Panel Displays is
  increasing
• World market of 100 billion in 2005
• Two needs
• Large displays with low resolution
• Microdisplays with large resolution (portable
  systems)
• - Laptop, mobile phones, PDA, e-book, GPS,
  watches, smart card, electronic tags
• Today, LCDs dominate the FPD market
• 89 of the FPD market in 2000 (laptop, PDA,
  mobile phones)

3
Competitive technologies

• Non-microsystems technologies
• LCD a mature and established technology
• OLED are being developed and is competing with
  the conventional LCD technology
• Players Sanyo (availability in 2003), CDT (UK)
• Microsystems technologies (integrating µoptical,
  µelectronical, µmechanical features in the µm
  range)
• Micro-mirror arrays or MMAs
• Grated Light Valves or GLVs
• Liquid Crystal on Si or LCOS
• Field Emission Dispalys or FED

4
LCD

• Future applications
• Mobiles phones (422 millions of units in 2006,
  Stanford Resources)
• Automotive Displays for new multimedia
  applications (25 millions of units in 2006)
• Current development of flexible LCD (150 mm) by
  Philips Research and
• Toshiba (commercialization planned in 2004).

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An improvement to the LCD the BiNEM Technology

• The BiNem technology is the latest generation
  of LCD technology keeping display content without
  any power supply
• The BiNem technology has a very high performance
  level excellent contrast, very wide viewing
  angle and neutral colorimetry.
• Potential applications in smart cards, e-tags
• Player Nemoptic (www.nemoptic.fr)

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OLEDs

• Market forecast 2.5 billion in 2005
  (DisplaySearch)
• Applications Mobiles phones, PDA, TV screens,
  smart cards
• Technical advantages compared to LCD
• Thickness, weight, consumption, low response
  time and large display angle, flexible screens
  are possible
• Brightness 200 cd/m2 (10 000 h lifetime for
  blue emitting)
• Low cost
• Drawbacks
• Water and oxygen sensitive (packaging issue)

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Microsystems technologies MMA, GLC

• Si array of Al µmirrors which can be rotated
• Integrated MST devices over a CMOS circuit
• First in the market for portable projection
  systems (Texas Instruments)
• High switching speed
• New applications front projection systems for
  cinemas, movie

A pixel is bright or dark on the projection
screen according to the mirror tilt

• Electrostatic-actuated array of ribbons
• Surface micromachining
• Each element can reflect or diffract light
• Silicon Light Machines proprietary technology

Two directions switching. A linear scanner is
needed for µdisplaying
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Microsystems technologies LCOS, FEDs

• Combination of IC and LC technologies
• Reflective LCOS have high brightness, virtual no
  pixellisation and electronics integration

Reflective LCOS

• Combination of a CDT and a low-power cold
  cathode
• Monochromatic screen
• High cost packaging issues
• Low response time/LCD
• Emerging use of carbon nanotubes for
• Better electron emission with lower voltage
• Prototype 40 screen from Ise International
  (JP) in 2002

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FPDs characteristics
µdisplays
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Microdisplays roadmap

• According to Nexus, the microdisplays market will
  grow from 150 million in 2 000 to 2 700
  million by 2005
• Depending on the technologies, applications will
  be direct view, front projection, rear view or
  near eye

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Evolution of the needs in data storage

• New applications and services lead to data
  storage increase
• E-Medicine, video on request, interactive 3D
  video, genome database, biometric data base
  (finger prints)
• And new technologies are developed
• Magnetic storage is the most used technology
  today and Thin Film Heads have increasing
  performances
• But superparamagnetic effect limit could be
  reached (60 70 Gb/in² is the limit)
• Other technologies are currently developed to
  reach 100 Gb/in² in 2005
• Optical technologies
• Holography
• Blue laser
• Nanotechnologies
• Nanomechanical storage
• Atomic resolution storage (the quantum level of
  an atom becomes the storage media HP Darpa
  project Objective 1 Tb/in2 in 2007)

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Applications roadmap
Applications
1- 100 TB 10 Gb/s
1- 100 TB 50 Gb/s
10- 1000 TB 100 Gb/s
WAN
E- Medicine Video mail Library
Fiber
10 GB/s
50 GB/s
250 GB/s
Data warehousing
0.1- 10 TB 200 Mb/s
10- 100 TB 1 Gb/s
1- 50 TB 500 Mb/s
LAN
LAN
150 Mb/s
600 Mb/s
Video discs HDTV video Video server 3D
video Interactive 3D video
10 GB 50-100 Mb/s
Personal database
100 GB 100- 250 Mb/s
1 TB 1 Gb/s
PORTABLE
5 GB
50 GB
500 GB
2000
2005
2010
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An example of optical technologies blue laser
diodes, the challenge

• 9 major players have prepared specifications for
  the next generation of optical disk  Blue-ray
  Disc  based on blue-violet laser diode
• Players are Hitachi, LG, Matsushita, Pioneer,
  Philips, Samsung, Sharp, Sony and Thomson

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Blue laser diodes, state of art

• Today, only Nichia (J) is commercializing blue
  laser semiconductor based on GaN grown on
  sapphire. Its life-time is approximately 15.000
  hours for 30 mW power, which is compatible DVD
  applications.
• Outsiders are
• Sony (J) 15.000 hours (not commercialized)
• Cree (US) 1000 hours
• Xerox (US) 100 hours
• Samsung (K) 2 hours
• Osram (D)
• NTT, Toyoda Gosei, Sharp have demonstrators
• Prices remain very confidential and appears to be
  not compatible with high volume production of
  appliances today (Nichia 1500 / chip in 2000)

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An example of nano-device the Millipede (IBM)

• High-density data storage system based on AFM
• Thermomechanical storage Tiny depressions melted
  by an AFM tip into a polymer medium represent
  stored data bits that can then be read by the
  same tip
• Densities in the hundreds of Gb/in² range
• The read/write head consists of an array of more
  than 1 000 thermomechanical probes, fabricated on
  a single silicon chip using VLSI microfabrication
  techniques
• Packaging issue ?

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Technical characteristics
Holography Blue laser Nano-mechanical Magnetic
Storage density 100 Gb/in² 20 Gb/in² 150 Gb/cm² 400 to 500 in the future 100 Gb/in² 300 in the future
Data transfer speed 20 to 40 Mo/s 33 Mb/s 60 kb/s 256 Mb/s
Applications Data bank HD DVD Portable systems Hard Disk
Some manufacturers InPhase Technologies Nichia, Hitachi, Matsuschita, Sony, Pioneer, Sharp IBM Research Fujitsu, IBM, Seagate
Technoloy maturity ? Available 2004 Prototype Mature technology
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Technologies roadmap
Optoelectronic technologies
Colossal storage Inc project (atomic holographiy
recoding) density 200 Tbits/in2
Technologie Blue-Ray Disc Sharp, TDK 200 Go
planned
DVD recordable (18 Go today)
Holographic storage (3D)
Other Technologies (magnetic, MO..)
Superparamagnetic effect (2005) 60
gbits/in2 (source IBM)
Atomic resolution storage (1 000
Gbits/in2) (reading by electronic, optical beam)
(HP, Darpa)
AFM storage ( Millipede IBM project)
Perpendicular magnetization
Heat-assisted magnetic recording (1 000 Gbits/in2
planned)
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Conclusions

• Today, portable applications are driving micro
  and nanotechnologies developments
• Some challenges are
• Development of high resolution microdisplays with
  low consumption
• Increase of data storage capacity
• Micro-displays technologies
• OLED
• Micro-mirrors
• FED w/ CNT
• Data storage.
• Read/Write heads is still the main MST market
  more than 13 billion in 2005
• Nano-thermomechanical system using arrays of AFM
  tips.
• Hundreds of Gb/in² could be achieved.
• But the magnetic limit is not yet reached !