Biodiesel Workshop

1
Biodiesel Workshop
Iowa Biodiesel Board

• Presented by Hoon Ge Edward Gorr

2
Summary of Topics

• General info on biodiesel
• Emission Benfits
• OEM stance on biodiesel
• 2007 Engines
• Biodiesel Supply Demand
• BQ 9000 Fuel Quality
• Refinery Process Overview
• ULSD
• ULSD and Biodiesel benefits, compatibility
• Filter plugging sources
• Good fuel housekeeping
• Microbial contamination
• Useful informational resources

3
Definition of Biodiesel

• Chemically
• Mono Alkyl Ester
• Functionally
• Surrogate for petroleum distillates
• Nomenclature
• B100 100 pure Biodiesel, AKA neat
• B20 20 Biodiesel 80 petroleum diesel

4
Making Biodiesel

• (Catalyst)
• 100 pounds 10 pounds 10 pounds
  100 pounds
• Triglyceride Alcohol Glycerin
  Mono-Alkyl Esters
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  _________
• Soy oil Methanol
  Biodiesel
• - Raw Vegetable Oil is NOT Biodiesel!
• - Other biomass products arent Biodiesel
• - Must meet ASTM D 6751

5
Biodiesel Raw Materials

• Oil or Fat Alcohol
• Soybean Methanol (common)
• Corn Ethanol
• Canola
• Cottonseed Catalyst
• Sunflower Sodium hydroxide
• Beef tallow Potassium hydroxide
• Pork lard
• Used cooking oils

6
Biodiesel Attributes

• High Cetane (avg. over 50)
• Ultra Low Sulfur (avg. 2 ppm)
• High Lubricity, even in blends as low at 1-2
• High Energy Balance (3.2 to 1)
• Low Agriculture Inputs Soybeans
• 78 Life Cycle CO2 Reduction
• Renewable, Sustainable
• Domestically Produced
• Reduces HC, PM, CO in existing diesel engines
• Reduces NOx in boilers and home heating

7
Biodiesel ASTM D6751

• Property ASTM
  Method Limits Units
• Calcium Magnesium, combined EN 14538
  5 max ppm (ug/g)
• Flash Point (closed cup) D 93
  93 min.
  Degrees C
• Alcohol Control (One of the following must be
  met)
• Methanol Content EN14110 0.2 Max
  volume
• Flash Point D93 130 Min Degrees
• Water Sediment D 2709 0.05 max. vol.
• Kinematic Viscosity, 40 C D 445 1.9 - 6.0
  mm2/sec.
• Sulfated Ash D 874 0.02 max. mass
• Sulfur
• S 15 Grade D 5453 0.0015 max. (15)
  mass (ppm)
• S 500 Grade D 5453 0.05 max. (500)
  mass (ppm)
• Copper Strip Corrosion D 130 No. 3 max.
• Cetane D 613 47 min.
• Cloud Point D 2500 Report Degrees C
• Carbon Residue 100 sample D 4530 0.05 max.
  mass
• Acid Number D 664 0.50 max. mg KOH/g
• Free Glycerin D 6584 0.020 max. mass

8
Materials Compatibility

• B100 may adversely affect some elastomers such as
  natural or nitrile rubbers over time.
• Most elastomers used after 1993 are compatible
  with B100 (Viton/Teflon).
• Blends (B20) effect is less, or non-existent.
• Normal monitoring of hoses and gaskets for leaks
  is sufficient with B20.
• Consult with your parts supplier or
• mechanical engineering partners.

9
Materials Compatibility

• Biodiesel and biodiesel blends will form high
  sediment levels when in contact with the
  following metals
• -Brass, Bronze, Copper, Lead, Tin and Zinc
• Biodiesel is compatible with
• -Mild and Stainless Steel, Aluminum

10
Emissions
11
EPA HD Emissions Averages
12
Biodiesel and Global Warming

• Closed Carbon Cycle CO2 Used to Grow Feedstock
  is Put Back Into Air
• 78 Life Cycle Decrease In CO2
• Energy Balance 3.24 to 1
• Compression Ignition Platform 30 to 40 More
  Efficient Than Spark Ignition

13
Emission Benefits of B20

• Broad agreement on emission reductions
• 10 to 25 reduction in PM, depending on engine,
  test cycle, and other factors
• 10 to 20 reductions in CO, HC, and toxic
  compounds
• Impact on NOx emissions is less certain

14
Biodiesel Emissions

• B20 Blends
• Reduce life-cycle petroleum consumption by 19
• Reduce life-cycle CO2 emissions by 16
• Further reduce hydrocarbon emissions by 20
• Reduce Particulate Matter emissions
• Nitrogen Oxides emissions area of further
  research.

Analysis from NREL/TP-580-24772, May 1998
15
Historical Overview of NOx Issue

• Up until early in 2005 it was widely accepted
  that B20 caused a small, 2, increase in NOx
• Conclusion of EPA review published in 2002
• Based in large part on data acquired by McCormick
  and coworkers, Sharp and coworkers, etc.
• In February of 2005 we tested 3 vehicles that
  showed NOx reduction
• Subsequent review of EPAs analysis showed that
  nearly half of the data reviewed were for one
  engine model
• Subsequent tests with a range of engine models
  are finding changes in NOx that range roughly
  from about 5 to -5
• Varies with engine model
• Average change is zero
• Dataset is NOT representative of in-use vehicles

16
NOx Emissions, Engine Data
Analysis for engines thru 1997 from
EPA420-P-02-001, October 2002 Analysis for 2004
compliant engines, McCormick, et. al. SAE Paper
No. 2005-01-2200
17
NOx Emissions, Chassis Data

• Bus Chassis Dynamometer Testing
• Using B20 in City Suburban Heavy Vehicle Cycle
• Cummins ISM 2000 Engine.
• Unexpected NOx REDUCTION of 5 with statistical
  confidence of gt99.

Graph taken from NREL website http//www.nrel.gov
/vehiclesandfuels/npbf/pdfs/38296.pdf
18
Biodiesel Effect on NOx

• EPA study showed average reduction in NOx of 1.2
  with B20.
• Inclusion of additional data shows no overall
  effect of biodiesel on NOx emissions.
• NOx emission changes are caused by differences in
  test cycles and engine technology.
• More research would be beneficial to determine
  the best technology and use of biodiesel to
  maximize NOx emissions reductions.

Data from EPA420-P-02-001, October 2002 and
additional information in public domain.
19
Biodiesel Position with OEMs

• Original Equipment Manufacturers
• B100 Must Meet ASTM D 6751
• Most OEM HQs have B20 experience
• Wont void warrantee
• Problems caused by the fuel are the
  responsibility of the fuel supplier
• Want to see additional experience in the field
• Higher blends OKd based on experience of OEM and
  their technology

20
2007 Engines
21
2007 Model Year Engines

• EPA regulations require reduced sulfur in diesel
  fuel for 2007 model year engines
• 80 of highway diesel fuel must be ULSD (lt 15ppm
  sulfur) beginning june1, 2006
• Catalyzed Diesel Particulate Filters
• can eliminate 99 of solid particles
• (soot metals) and eliminate
• gt90 of semi-volatile
• hydrocarbons.
• Source EPA

22
Diesel Particle Filters (DPF)

• Diesel particle filters (DPF) are found in all
  2007 model year diesel vehicles.
• What possible advantages or disadvantages may
  result from using biodiesel blends in these
  engines?
• The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
  has conducting a study in order to define these
  effects on DPFs.

23
Indicators of DPF Performance

• Filter regeneration rate increased significantly
  when using blends as low as B5. Lower
  particulate temperature and less particulate
  input contributed.

Biodiesel Effects on Diesel Particle Filter
Performance. National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, March 2006.
24
Supply and Demand
25
Biodiesel Demand
26
Biodiesel Fuel Markets

• Federal
• State
• Selected Utilities

• Recreational
• Tour Boats
• Environmentally Sensitive
  
• Areas

• Lubricity Enhancement
• Conductivity Improver
• ULSD Sulfur Free Blend Stock

27
Future Growth and New Markets

• Underground Mines
• Arbitrage Market
• Green Cargo Fleets Greenhouse Gas Market
• Bioheat

28
Heating Oil Market

• Almost as much heating oil is sold in the
  Northeast as on highway diesel fuel
• 5.1 billion gallons vs. 5.5 billion gallons
• Heating oil industry is attempting to remake
  itself as more environmentally friendly and
  renewable
• Could provide a good winter outlet for biodiesel
• Work is being done to integrate into Underwriters
  Laboratory certification

29
If Every Trucker Used B2
The industry would utilize 761 million gallons of
B100 annually.
30
Availability

• Over 1,850 petroleum distributors now offer
  biodiesel.
• 1,051 retail locations
• 604 truck stops or truck accessible locations
  (BioTrucker.com)
• 37 terminals (biodiesel.org)

31
Distribution Locations
32

• Blending is occuring at over 37 terminals
  nationwide.
• DOE has supported this effort.

33
Pipelines?

• 75,000 barrels of B5 moved on the Colonial
  Pipeline from Houston to New Jersey
• DOE supported the test
• Other test scheduled

34
Biodiesel Production Capacity
35
Production Locations (6/7/07)
36
Industry Plant Size

• Industry Capacity 1.39 billion gallons per year
• Average Plant Size 9.4 million gallons per year

37
Biodiesel Plants Under Construction and Expansion
(6/7/07)
38
Size of Plants Under Construction Expansion

• Construction Capacity 1.89 billion gallons per
  year
• Average Plant Size 18.7 million gallons per year

39
Production Capacity by State (6/7/07)
40
Production Capacity Trends

• The industry is tending towards larger facilities
• Vegetable oil facilities are larger than recycled
  cooking oil plants
• Plants capable of handling multiple feedstocks
  are becoming more common
• Production capacity does not equal production for
  several reasons
• Some facilities are just starting up
• Some facilities choose to run less than 24/7
• Some facilities have no effectively
  debottlenecked their systems to maximize their
  output
• Some facilities overestimate their capacity

41
BQ-9000
42
Fuel Quality

• Fuel quality is of the utmost concern and
  importance to the biodiesel industry.
• ASTM D 6751 is the specification for biodiesel
  fuels irrespective of the feedstock source and/or
  processing method.
• National Quality Program (BQ-9000) Launched for
  Biodiesel Marketers and Producers
• Look for BQ-9000 Certified Marketers Biodiesels
  Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval
• Assures cradle-to-grave fuel quality

43
BQ-9000 Quality Assurance Program
Specifies requirements for a quality assurance
program where an organization needs to
demonstrate its ability to provide product that
meets ASTM D 6751 and applicable regulatory
requirements, and to address quality assurance
through the effective application of the
program HELPS ENSURE THAT END-USER IS GETTING
HIGH-QUALITY BIODIESEL!!
44
ALWAYS BUY PRODUCT FROM BQ-9000 CERTIFIED
PRODUCERS OR MARKETERS!!!
45
BQ-9000 Information Through the NBB
www.bq-9000.org
www.biodiesel.org www.nbb.org
Find information on the requirements for the
program and a list of accredited
producers/marketers on the NBB website.
46
Refinery Process Overview

• We will provide an overview of the main steps
  of the refining process of crude oil into
  petroleum diesel.

47
Crude Oil - Petroleum

• A complex assortment of materials consisting of
  mixtures of hydrocarbons and other compounds
  containing variable amounts of sulfur, nitrogen,
  oxygen, and organometallics and whose physical
  properties may vary widely in volatility,
  specific gravity, and viscosity.

48
Fossil Fuels Will Be Around for a Long Time

• Crude Oil and Recoverable Bitumen
• gt2 trillion barrels of proven reserves
• 260 billion barrels in Saudi Arabia
• Current estimate- production peaks in 2034
• Canadian bitumen (Tar Sands)
• 175 billion barrels proven reserve
• gt330 billion recoverable by todays technology
• Orinoco Bitumen Venezuela
• Western U.S. oil shale and coal
• Between 500 billion and 1.1 trillion bbls
  recoverable
• Natural Gas

49
(No Transcript)
50
Demand1 barrel (bbl) 42 gallons (U.S.)

• Globally about 80,000,000 bbl/day
• Over 16,000,000 bbl of crude oil processedevery
  day in the US (650,000,000 gal/day)
• 800,000,000 gal/day total product demand
• 360,000,000 gal/day gasoline
• 140,000,000 gal/day distillate
• 68,000,000 gal/day jet fuel
• Over 5 billion gallons of distillate fuel oil are
  imported each year
• 150 U.S. refineries with capacities ranging from
  15 mbbl/day (600,000 gallons/day) to over 500
  mbbl/day (21,000,000 gallons/day and operate at
  90 capacity

51
Classification of Crude Oil

• Gravity
• Heavy ? 10 to 20 API
• Light ? 30 API and lighter
• Sulfur
• Sweet ? 0.5 sulfur or less
• Sour ? 1.5 sulfur or more
• Chemical Class
• Paraffinic,
• Naphthenic
• Asphaltic/Aromatic

52
General Distribution of Petroleum Products
Typical Refinery
53
Typical Refinery Products

• Boiling
• Product Range(F)
• LPG -45-32
• Gasoline 50-430
• Kerosene, jet 340-550
• Diesel fuel, HHO 350-670
• Lube oil 650-1000
• Residual fuel 650-1200
• Asphalt 920

Refineries are configured to produce a given
slate of products based on demand
54
Its Easy Isnt It?
55
Fully Integrated Refinery
Source U.S.Dept. of Labor
56
Five Basic Refinery Processes

• Separation
• Atmospheric and vacuum distillation
• Extractions (Solvent dewaxing)
• Conversion
• Catalytic, thermal and hydrocracking
• Coking
• Upgrading
• Reforming, alkylation, isomerization
• Finishing or treating
• Hydrotreating and desulfurization
• Blending

57
Atmospheric Distillation Unit (ADU)

• After the crude oil has been desalted it is sent
  to the ADU.
• Here, crude is separated by distillation (boiling
  point) into four main fractions Naphtha,
  Kerosene, Diesel and Gas Oil.
• These fractions are each sent to separate sulfur
  removal (HDS) units.

58
Diesel HDS Unit

• The HDS Unit uses catalysts to remove substances
  like sulfur, nitrogen and aromatics. When diesel
  comes out of the HSD unit, it is finished diesel
  fuel/heating oil.

http//oilandgas.veoliawater.com/en/expertise/our_
understanding/your_business/process_schematic/refi
nery_process_diagram/
59
Diesel HDS Unit Diagram
http//oilandgas.veoliawater.com/en/expertise/our_
understanding/your_business/process_schematic/refi
nery_process_diagram/
60
Aromatic compound
Olefin Compound
H2
C6H6
C6H12
Cyclic, double bonds
Straight, double bond
n-Paraffin Compound
H2
C6H14
Straight, single bonds
Structures taken from www.chemfinder.com
61
Fluid Catalytic Cracker (FCC) Unit

• Another way of making diesel
• fuel is taking the Gas Oil fraction
• from the ADU and sending it
• through an FCC unit.
• The FCC unit cracks the large
• hydrocarbon molecules of Gas Oil
• into smaller units, making gasoline and diesel
  fuel.
• The FCC is how the refinery corrects the
  imbalance between the market demand for lighter
  petroleum products and an excess of heavier
  products.

62
Hydrocracking Unit

• Another main way to make
• diesel fuel/ heating oil is the
• use of the Hydrocracking unit.
• After going through the ADU,
• a distillation unit and coker, the
• fuel can be sent through the Hydrocracking unit
  to produce diesel fuel/ heating oil.
• The hydrocracking process is similar to the FCC
  process except that the reaction are done in the
  presence of excess hydrogen. The products are
  free of sulfur and are saturated.

63
Hydrocracking Unit Diagram
http//oilandgas.veoliawater.com/en/expertise/our_
understanding/your_business/process_schematic/refi
nery_process_diagram/
64
Ultra Sulfur Diesel Fuel
65
Diesel Fuel Blending

• Most North American diesel fuels consist of
  blended refinery streams (fractions) that boil
  350F - 670F.
• Other parts of the world may see end points near
  700F.
• Almost any distilled or refined hydrocarbon
  stream that has a distillation range between
  350F and 700F can be used to make diesel fuel.

66
Diesel Fuel Blend Components

• Straight run diesel off of crude unit
• High cetane, low aromatics, sulfur dependent on
  crude
• Kerosene / Jet Fuel
• Good low temperature properties, low viscosity
• Light cycle oil from fluid cat cracker
• Low cetane, high olefins and aromatics
• Cyclic nitrogen and sulfur compounds
• Coker distillate
• Very low cetane, high olefins, aromatics, sulfur
  nitrogen
• Hydrocracker distillate
• High cetane, low aromatics, olefins, sulfur,
  nitrogen
• Synthetic Diesel
• Fischer-Tropsch (FT) Diesel (Also known as GTL)

67
Diesel Fuel Variable Properties

• Cetane ? Ignition improvers - alkyl nitrates
• Stability ? Stability additives, dispersants
  metal deactivators
• Cleanliness ? Detergents, dispersants
• Corrosivity ? Rust inhibitors and copper strip
  additives
• Lubricity ? Lubricity improvers
• Pour Point ? Pour point depressant
• Operability ? Wax crystal modifiers
• Conductivity ? Conductivity Improvers
• Combustion ? Combustion Modifiers

68
Classes of AdditivesUsed in Diesel Fuel

• Used by refiners to meet specifications
• Pour point depressants
• Stabilizers, antioxidants and metal deactivators
• Cetane improvers
• Copper strip improvers
• Conductivity Improvers
• Lubricity
• Used in the distribution of diesel fuel
• Rust inhibitors
• Demulsifiers and biocides
• Pipeline drag reducers
• Lubricity

69
Benefits Biodiesel and ULSD

• Compatible with the compression ignition platform
  and with diesel fuel itself
• Greatly enhances lubricity of ULSD
• Compatible with 2007 diesel engine catalysts
• Aids with ULSD conductivity issues
• Reduces harmful emissions
• Power and performance virtually unchanged
• Seamless transparent with existing petroleum
  infrastructure, (liquid not gaseous)
• Promotes national energy security
• Renewable, non-toxic, green blend stock option

70
Lubricity
71
ULSD Lubricity

• Sulfur compounds are natural lubricants in
  diesel.
• ULSD regulations are causing major concerns with
  diesel engine performance.
• ASTM lubricity requirement effective Jan 1, 2005
  for diesel fuels.
• ASTM D 6079
• -High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR)
• -Wear Scar Maximum 520 micrometers

72
Lubricity Study
73
Lubricity Study
This study compared the lubricities of
ULSD/biodiesel blends with additized ULSD
74
CFPP Testing
75
CFPP Testing of ULSD B2 Blends
76
CFPP Testing of ULSD B2 blends with No 1 ULSD
77
Filter Plugging
78
Plugged Filter Complaints

• The MPMA and MN Weights and Measures recently
  submitted numerous plugged fuel filters.
• The diagnosis of the source of plugging for each
  filter is based on observations, tests, and the
  most apparent source of plugging, although many
  filters likely have more than one source of
  plugging.

79
Paraffin Wax (30)

• The material on these filters was solid until
  touched or warmed to room temperature, then it
  melted. Laboratory analysis showed this material
  was in fact paraffin/hydrocarbon in nature. The
  high level of paraffin material could be from the
  way ULSD is processed.
• When the temperature of the fuel is at or below
  its cloud point, paraffin material will
  precipitate out and collect on the bottom of the
  tank.
• As a point of note, when the heavy paraffins are
  disturbed from the filters, they liquefy. The
  minor ingredients associated with biodiesel will
  not liquefy and require heat to go back into
  solution. Paraffin build-up does not come from
  biodiesel fuel.

80
Microbial Growth (27)

• Several filters showed high content of live
  microbial organisms or a build-up of dead
  microbial material. The filters with microbial
  contamination often had an odor different from
  the normal fuel smell.
• MEG Corp believes that the lack of sulfur in
  biodiesel and ULSD aids in the build-up of such
  organisms since sulfur is a key component of many
  biocides and is a natural inhibitor of bacterial
  and fungal growth.

81
Icing of the filter (23)

• When there is excess free water in fuel, it can
  form ice on the filter and cause filter plugging
  in cold temps. When MEG Corp received filters
  which had been plugged but were clean and new by
  the time MEG Corp received them, it was concluded
  that the cause was likely icing which had since
  dissipated.
• Since the temperatures of engines are warm, any
  moisture picked up within the engine can be
  brought back to the fuel lines. This moisture
  can freeze overnight in low ambient temperatures.

82
Sediment/Rust build-up (10)

• Some of the filters had solid sediment within the
  folds and solid particles in the filter casing.
• Sediment present in the fuel or rust particles
  from within the engine can collect over time and
  plug the filter even when there are not
  necessarily problems with the fuel.
• Overall deterioration of the filter and gradual
  build-up of typical sediment or other materials
  may be the cause of the plugging. One filter was
  obviously very old and was plugged due to its
  extended use.

83
Oxidation (7)

• When MEG Corp received filters with a black and
  shiny surface but did not have microbial growth
  odor or have gel or sediment, it was concluded
  they may be plugged by oxidation build-up.
• Because many newer engines run at higher
  temperatures, there may be a black asphaltene
  type material collecting on the filter.
• This phenomenon has been seen all around the
  country, often in newer engines.

84
Monoglyceride Build-up (3)

• One filter tested positive for a concentration of
  saturated monoglyceride material.
• Monoglyceride is one substance that can
  precipitate out of fuel if the glycerin levels
  are too high in the biodiesel used in the blend.

85
Biodiesel Handling

86
Tips for Biodiesel Handling

• Buy biodiesel that meets ASTM D 6751. Buying
  from a BQ-9000 Accredited Producer/Marketer will
  help ensure quality.
• If buying blended biodiesel, buy it pre-blended
  from the supplier.
• Fuel tanks should be kept as full as possible to
  reduce the amount of air and water entering the
  tank.

87
Tips for Biodiesel Handling

• Storage in on-site tanks should be limited to
  less than 6 months. The storage container should
  be clean, dry, and dark.
• Copper, brass, lead, tin and zinc should not be
  used to store biodiesel.
• Equipment with biodiesel blends in the fuel
  system should not be stored for more than 6
  months.

88
Tips for Biodiesel Handling

• In the winter months, its important to use
  appropriate additives to ensure good
  winter-weather operability.
• If any biodiesel is spilled, it is important to
  clean it up quickly. Pure biodiesel may remove
  paint from equipment.

89
Tips for Biodiesel Handling

• When switching from diesel fuel to biodiesel
  blend, it may be necessary to change the fuel
  filter an extra time or two.
• One outcome of improper handling of biodiesel may
  be microbial contamination.

90
What Are Microbes?

• Microbes are bacteria or fungus that live and
  propagate in fuel.
• They live at the fuel/water interface.
• The hydrocarbons in the fuel provide the food and
  the water provides the oxygen.
• This environment is needed for living,
• growth, and reproduction.

91
Microbes and Filters

• Build-up containing both live microbial organisms
  and dead microbial matter has been found on
  filters
• Microbes are a significant cause of filter
  plugging

92
Where Do They Come From?

• Air
• Contains airborne microorganisms, yeast and mold
  spores, and dirt particles that can enter through
  tank vents.
• Water
• Water, unless sterilized, can contain a variety
  microorganisms.

93
Treatment and Prevention

• Biocides
• Three major groups Fuel soluble, Water soluble,
  and Universally soluble.
• Need to be EPA registered and compatible with the
  lubricant.
• Preventing Fuel Contamination
• Preventing contamination from air and water
  requires proper tank maintenance and cleaning

94
Biocide Universally Soluble

• Stable in both fuel and water.
• Primarily fuel soluble with sufficient water
  solubility to perform in both phases.
• Can be transported throughout the fuel system and
  be effective against biofilms and bottom water
  microbes.
• Contains sulfur.
• Relatively expensive.

95
Preventing Contamination Tank Cleaning
Clean Tanks

• Can be expensive and disruptive.
• Needs to be used in conjunction with a biocide
  treatment.
• The biocide should be used after the tank is
  clean, then fuel should be added (to eliminate
  microbes collected on the bottom of the tank).
• As a preventative measure, it is important to
  keep tanks as full of fuel as possible, and to
  keep the amount of air in the tank minimal.

96
Storage Tank Challenges

• Distribution chain storage tanks create a
  challenging
• maintenance process.
• Improper placement of water draw off
• Lack of attention to water evaluation,
  electronically or physically sticking tank with
  water paste
• Sticking before and after each fuel delivery

97
Microbial Contamination in Biodiesel

• Biodiesel already has an ultra-low sulfur
  content.
• Some people think that biodiesel is a food
  source for microorganisms.
• Is more likely that the lack of sulfur in
  biodiesel makes microbial growth easier.

98
Microbial Contamination in Regular Diesel

• Sulfur levels in diesel have decreased over time
  since 1993 due to new policies
• Microbial growth complaints in regular diesel
  have increased in this same time interval
• Sulfur is often a component of biocides
• The correlation in decreased sulfur in diesel and
  increased problems with microbial growth suggests
  the problems may be due to low sulfur levels.
• ULSD will most likely have similar problems with
  microbes as biodiesel due to its low sulfur
  content

99
Educational Resources

• BEN Biodiesel Education Network
• Web-based resource specifically for petroleum
  marketers
• Partnership between NBB/PMAA
• www.pmaa.org
• www.biodiesel.org

100
NBB Resources www.biodiesel.org

• Technical Library
• Biodiesel Bulletin
• Informational Resources

• Technical Resources
• Educational Videos Available
• On-line Database Spec Sheets

101
Other Biodiesel Resources

• www.bbibiofuels.com
• Biodiesel Magazine
• A MUST HAVE magazine
• Biodiesel Industry Directory On-Line

102
National Biodiesel Hotline[phone](952)47
3-0182

• Filter Plugging
• Blending w/ ULSD

103
Questions