BrainBehavior Relationships

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Brain-Behavior Relationships
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Gross Structures of the Brain

• HINDBRAIN
• Medulla
• Reticular Formation
• Pons and Cerebellum
• MIDBRAIN
• FOREBRAIN
• Diencephalon (Thalamus, Hypothalamus)
• Cerebrum (Basal Ganglia, Limbic System, Cerebral
  Cortex)

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Cerebral Hemispheres

• Basal Ganglia
• 3 main functions
• In current usage, the phrase 'basal ganglia'
  means the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus
  pallidus.
• Limbic System
• 4 structures
• Cerebral Cortex

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Cortical Connections

• Between hemispheres (e.g., corpus callosum)
• Within a hemisphere, between one lobe and another
  (association tracks e.g., arcuate fasciculus)
• Cortex-Subcortical (e.g., internal capsule)

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Review of Neuroanatomy (cont.)

• Skull and Meninges
• Vascular System
• Ventricular System and CSF

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Principles of Cortical Organization

• Cortical Zones
• Cortical Lobes
• Occipital, Frontal, Parietal, Temporal
• Functional Systems
• Lateralization of Function

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Cortical Lobes
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Cortical Lobes

• Occipital Mediate sight visual perception
  visual knowledge
• Parietal tactile sensations position sense
  spatial relations
• Left sequential. Logical spatial
• Right holistic spatial information

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Cortical Lobes (cont.)

• Temporal auditory and olfactory abilities
  integrating visual perceptions with other sensory
  info new learning emotion motivation
• Frontal motor functions, including speech
  executive functions integration of emotional and
  motivational states

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Lateralization of Function

• Left Hemisphere
• Speech and Language
• Linear Processing
• Well-routinized codes
• Details
• Contralateral attention
• Positive Emotions

• Right Hemisphere
• Prosody, Humor, Non-literal
• Configural Processing (faces)
• More adept at novel
• Global Percepts
• Global attention
• Negative Emotions

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Functions

• Attention and arousal (see text)
• Memory (know 4 different regions involved
• Hippocampus surrounding areas
• Basal forebrain (cells that produce
  Acetylcholine)
• Frontal Cortex
• Basal Ganglia (procedural memory)
• Language

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Memory

• Amnesia
• Immediate vs. Long-term
• Remote memory vs. Antereograde memory
• Implicit vs. Explicit Memory
• Frontal Lobes role in retrieval and organization
• The frontal lobes are the most advanced part of
  your brain. The frontal lobes are that part of
  your brain responsible for creativity, logic,
  intuition, new problem solving, synthesis of
  ideas, imagination, concepts of time, and
  planning.

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Memory Rehabilitation
Attention
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
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Language

• Aphasia
• Expressive Aphasia
• Receptive Aphasia
• Distinguish
• Psychological Issues

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5 Frontal-Subcortical Circuits

• Motor
• Occulomotor
• Dorsolateral
• Orbitofrontal-Ventral PFC
• Anterior Cingulate

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PREFRONTAL CORTEX SYSTEMThe most evolved brain
system Functions atention span perseverance
planning judgmen impulse control organization
self-monitoring and supervision problem solving
critical thinking forward thinking learning
from experience and mistakes ability to feel and
express emotions influences the limbic system
empathy internal supervision
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Major Functional Divisions of Frontal Lobe
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Dorsolateral Syndrome

• Executive function deficits
• Poor organizational strategies
• Poor memory strategies
• Working Memory
• Impaired set-shifting
• Attentional control (distractible)

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Orbitofrontal-Ventral PFC Syndrome

• Phineas Gage
• Stimulus-Reward Associations
• Decision-Making
• Appropriate Social Behavior

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Anterior Cingulate Syndrome

• Akinetic Mutism
• Apathetic, no spontaneous speak, answer in
  monosyllables
• Display no emotion

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Points to Remember

• Behavioral deficits determined by site, size,
  laterality, nature of lesion, etc.
• Individual variation.
• Difficulty to develop real-world tasks to assess
  FL functioning.

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Diseases that commonly affect Frontal functioning

• Affective Disorders
• Depression
• Traumatic Brain Injury
• Schizophrenia
• Some Dementing Illnesses

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Traumatic Disorders

• Mechanisms of Injury
• Primary
• Secondary
• Initial Assessment of Severity
• Glascow Coma Scale
• Length of Consciousness
• Length of PTA

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TBI (cont.)

• Treatment
• Cognitive and Emotional Effects
• Rehabilitation

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Principles of Nerve Cell Communication

• Neuron Membrane
• Electrostatic pressure
• Diffusion
• Communication within a neuron
• Movement of electrical charge
• Communication between neurons
• Electrical signal to chemical signal

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Biochemical Activity of the Brain

• Membrane of Neuron
• Synapse
• 2 Types of Receptors
• Ionotropic (fast but short-lived)
• Metabotropic (slow, but prolonged effect)
• Either may be excitatory or inhibitory

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Neurotransmitters

• Excitatory (glutamate)
• Inhibitory (GABA)
• Neuromodulators (dopamine)

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Classes of Psychoactive Medications

• Neuroleptics (Haldol)
• Antidepresants (Prozac)
• Tranquilizers (diazepam or Valium)
• Stimulants (amphetamine)
• Time Course and Side Effects