Karl Marx

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Karl Marx
The history of all hitherto existing society is
the history of class struggles.
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• Czar Alexander II

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Czar (Tsar) Alexander II
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• The Crimean War was fought between Russia and the
  allied forces of the United Kingdom, France, the
  Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia.
• It began on the Crimean peninsula in 1853. The
  allies objected to expanding Russian power in the
  Black Sea area and to the seizing of land from
  the Ottoman Empire. Russia was defeated in 1856.

Florence Nightingale
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Russian Serfdom at the time of its abolishment
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• Count Sergei Witte
• Minister of Finance

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The shell-shop of the Putilov works, St
Petersburg 1903
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Trans-Siberian line in red
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It is Too Soon to Thank God.' - The
Assassination of Czar Alexander II"
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Lenin's older brother Alexander Ulyanov--Part of
the Populist Terrorists
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Karl Marx--Co-Author of Communist Manifesto

• G. Plekhanov--Father of Russian Marxism

A young Lenin, around 1890
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Czar Alexander III
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Alexander III
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Czar Nicholas II and Czarina Alexandra with
children
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Winter Palace from across the Neva River

• One of St. Petersburg's many canals

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The Winter Palace
built between 1754 and 1762 as the winter
residence of the Russian tsars.
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Father Gapon, Iron Workers and the Mayor of St.
Petersburg, 1905
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The Tsar's soldiers shooting at demonstrators at
the Winter PalaceBloody Sunday, 01-22-1905 (new
calendar)
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• Painting of the Bloody Sunday massacre (Source
  Brooklyn College History Department)

Father Gapon (Source Hulton Getty)
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Treaty of Portsmouth 1905 ended Russo-Japanese
War
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• Demonstrations of 1905

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1905 (June)--Potemkin Mutiny
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Duma
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Session of the Duma 1906
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Socialist Revolutionary Party

• . Goal. Their main goal, just like the Bolsheviks
  and Mensheviks, was to stop one part of society
  from exploiting the other.  They differed,
  however, by targeting the bottom of the working
  class, not the educated "proletariats." 
• They wanted the tsar overthrown.

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"Bolsheviks" because it meant "majority." 

• Bolsheviks

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Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party

• "dictatorship of the proletariat." 

Constitutional Assembly, elected by the people,
to rule.
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Why was the Revolution of 1905 NOT THE Revolution?

• Political Too many groups, no unity, no clear
  objectives.
• Tsar offers concessions offered by Witte and
  Duma extended limited rights speech religion
• Most strikes eventually abandoned
• Tsar could revoke, and did, the Constitution
• Use of spies and secret police to infiltrate
  subversive groups.
• Arrest of many revolutionary leaders,
  including Soviets.

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why not the Revolution of 1905contd.

• Military
• Mutinies, including the Potemkin, were crushed
• Lack of full military support for the revolution
• Tsar used force to put down demonstrations

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Table 1 Percentage Distribution of the World's
Manufacturing Production, 1870 and 1913
(percentage of world total)
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Table 2 The Rate of Industrial Growth in Five
Selected Countries Indices of Industrial
Production (Base Figures - 1905-13 100)
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Table 3 Output of Coal and Lignite - Selected
Countries, Annual Averages (in million metric
tonnes)
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Table 4 Output of Pig Iron - Selected Countries,
Annual Averages (in thousand metric tons)
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Table 5 Growth of the Cotton Industry in
Selected Countries (Cotton Spindles - Selected
Countries, Annual Total Figures in 1000's)
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Table 6 See this data presented in a variety of
ways - Table 6 Extra Spread of Railways in Ten
Selected Countries (Length of line open in
kilometers 1km 5/8 mile)
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Table 7 Illiteracy in Europe, c. 1850
(Approximate Percentage of Adult Illiterates is
Indicated Where Known)
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Table 8 Population (tentative estimates in
millions - much of it guesswork)
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• http//www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/indrevtabs1.htm
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