CHAPTERS 5

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CHAPTERS 5 6DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
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TERMS(Digestion)

• Digestion mechanical and chemical
• breakdown of food from
  large
• pieces into small pieces
• Dis (L) apart
• Genere (L) carry
• Mechanical increases surface area
• Chemical breaks chemical bonds

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TERMS(Enzyme)

• Enzyme molecule that increases
• chemical reaction rates
• Enzymus (G) in leaven (refers to
• leavened bread)

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ENZYME NAMES

• Usually end in ase
• Amylase enzyme that catalyzes the
• chemical digestion of
  starch
• (polymer of glucose)
• Amyl (G) starch, cake

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MOUTH
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TERMS (Uvula, Tongue, Palate)

• Uvula soft tissue hanging midline from back
• of soft palate
• Uv (L) a grape berry
• Uvulectomy surgical removal of the
  uvula
• Tunge (ME) tongue
• Palate (hard and soft) roof of the mouth
• Palat (L) the roof of the mouth
• Palatoplasty surgical repair of the
  palate

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TERMS (Frenulum)

• Fren (L) a bridle

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SALIVARY GLANDS
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SALIVA SALIVARY GLANDS (Saliva, Parotid)

• Saliva fluid secreted by salivary glands
• Saliva (L) spittle (that which is spit
  out)
• Parotid gland largest salivary gland secretes
• serous saliva rich in
  amylase
• Parot (G) beside the ear
• Parotiditis inflammation of the
  parotid gland

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SALIVARY GLANDS (
Submandibular, Sublingual)

• Submandibular located near the base of the
  tongue
• under the floor
  of the mouth
• Secretes both mucoid and serous saliva
• Secretes most of the saliva in the mouth
• Sub (L) under
• Mandibul (L) jaw
• Sublingual located near the front of the
  tongue under
• the floor of the mouth
  and anterior to the
• submandibular gland
• Secretes mostly mucoid saliva
• Lingu (L) tongue

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TEETH
(Incisor, Cuspid (canine), Bicuspid ( premolar),
Molar)
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TOOTH ANATOMY

• Periodontal around the tooth
• Peri (G) around
• Odous (G) tooth
• Dentin main tissue of tooth
• Dent (L) tooth
• Cementum binds tooth
• to socket
• Caementa (L) stone
• chips used to make
• mortar

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INCISOR TOOTH

• Incisor cutting tooth (nipper)
• In (L) into
• Cis (L) to cut

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CUSPID (canine) TOOTH

• Cuspid (Canine) stabbing tooth (ripper)
• Cuspi (L) a point
• Cani (L) a dog

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CANINE TOOTH (Carnivore)

• Carnivore flesh eater
• Carn (L) flesh
• Vor (L) eat, devour

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VAMPIRES
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VAMPIRE BAT FEEDING
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BICUSPID (premolar) TOOTH

• Bicuspid slicing tooth
• Bi- (L) two
• Cuspi (L) point

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MOLAR TOOTH

• Molar grinding tooth
• Mola (L) to grind

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Deglutition

• Deglutition swallowing
• De (L) down
• Glutire (L) swallow

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ESOPHAGUS

• Esophagus tube connecting mouth and
• stomach
• Oiseophagos (G) carry eat (literal)
• Oisen (G) carry
• Phagos (G) eat

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PERISTALSIS

• Peristalsis contractions that move food along
  the
• gastro-intestinal tract
• Peri (G) around
• -stalsis (G) contraction

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STOMACH

• 
  
• 
  Fundus
• Cardiac sphincter
• Pyloric sphincter
• 
  
• 
  Rugae

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TERMS (Achalasia)

• Achalasia failure to relax
• A (G) not
• Chalast (G) relaxed
• Esophageal achalasia failure of the
• 
  lower esophageal
  
• 
  (cardiac) sphincter
• to
  open properly

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TERMS(Pyloric, Sphincter, Rugae)

• Pyloric valve controls emptying of the
• stomach into the small
  intestine
• Pylor (G) a gatekeeper
• Sphincter a circular ring of muscle that
• usually constricts shut an
  orifice
• Sphin (G) bind tight
• Rugae a series of folds of the inner layer of
• the stomach
• Rug (L) wrinkle

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SMALL INTESTINE
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TERMS(Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum)

• Duodenum 1st part of the small intestine
  (average of 10
• inches long)
• Duoden (L) twelve
• Jejunum 2nd part of the small intestine (about
• 8 feet long)
• Jejun (L) hunger
• Ileum 3rd part of the small intestine (from 15-
• 30 feet long
• Ile (L) intestine
• Do not confuse ILEUM with ILIUM

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LARGE INTESTINE
(Colon)

• Colon large intestine
• 1) Absorbs most of any water remaining
  after small
• intestinal absorption
• 2) Symbiotic bacterial populations
  critical to normal
• functions of bowel and health
• 3) Prepares undigested and/or unabsorbed
  material for
• expulsion as feces
• Col (G) the colon

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COLON
(Cecum, Vermiform Appendix, Hepatic Flexure)

• Cecum blind pouch at beginning of colon where
  ileum attaches
• Cec (L) blind
• Vermiform appendix wormlike process projecting
  from the cecum
• Verm (L) worm
• Form (L) form, shape
• Appen (L) hang to
• Hepatic flexure bend of colon near liver
• Hepa (G) liver
• Flex (L) bend

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COLON
(Splenic Flexure, Sigmoid)

• Splenic Flexure bend of liver near spleen
• Splen (G) the spleen
• Sigmoid Colon portion of colon whose shape
• roughly resembles
• the lower case 18th
• letter of the Greek
  
• alphabet, Sigma (?).

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RECTUM

• Rectum terminal portion of colon that is a
• temporary storage site for
  solid
• waste
• Transverse folds

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TERMS FOR SOLID WASTE (Medical)

• Excrement, Excreta
• from Excernere (L) to sift out, discharge
  
• Feces
• Fec (L) dregs

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TERMS FOR SOLID WASTE (Medical, cont.)

• STOOL
• Stol (OE) seat for one person
• Stool seat without arms or back for one
  person
• stool privy
  stool

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TERMS FOR SOLID WASTE (Non-Medical)

• Turd (vulgar)
• Tord (OE) dung
• Dung (OE) manure
• Crap (vulgar)
• Crappe (ME) chaff
• Shit (vulgar)
• Scitte (OE) to purge (defecate)

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LIVER
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TERMS
(Gall, Bile, Portal, Capillary)

• Gall or Bile bitter secretion of the liver
• Galla (OE) yellowish-green, gold, yellow
• Bilis (L) bitter fluid secreted by the
  liver
• Portal vein vessel sending venous blood to
• liver from G.I. tract
• Port (L) gate, door
• Capillary microscopic vessel
• Capill (L) hair

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BILIARY SYSTEM
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TERMS (Emulsification)

• Emulsification process of breaking down large
  fat globules to smaller particles (mechanical
  digestion)
• Emulsion from emulgere (L) to become milky

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TERMS (ABSORPTION
vrs ADSORPTION)

• Absorption to take up from outside to inside
• of body (usually
  crossing a
• barrier membrane)
  
• Adsorption to take up and hold on body
• surface (usually held to
  membrane
• surface)
• Ab (L) away from
• Ad (L) toward
• Sorb (L) suck in

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COMBINING FORMS (Cheil/o, Labi/o)

• Cheilosis morbid condition of lips
• Cheil (G) lip
• Labial pertaining to the lips
• Labi (L) lip

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COMBINING FORMS (Choledoch/o)

• Choledoch/o common bile duct
• Chol (G) bile (gall)
• Doch (G) receptacle (refers to the
• common bile duct
  receiving
• bile from the
  gallbladder
• and liver)
• Choledochotomy surgical incision into
• the common
  bile duct

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COMBINING FORMS (Cholecyst/o)

• Cholecysto/o gallbladder
• CHOLECYSTODUODENOSTOMY

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COMBINING FORMS (Cholecyst/o)

• CHOL/E/CYST/O/DUODEN/O/STOMY
• surgical connection (-stomy) between the
  duodenum (duoden) and the gallbladder (cholecyst)

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TERM

• CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS

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CHOL/E/CYST/O/LITH/IASIS

• Abnormal condition (iasis) of stones (lith) in
  the gallbladder (cholecyst)

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TERM

• CHOLEDOCHOLITHOTRIPSY
• Trips (G) to crush

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CHOL/E/DOCH/O/LITH/O/TRIPS/Y

• Procedure (-y) to crush (trips) a stone (Lith) in
  the common bile (chole) duct (doch)

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COMBINING FORM (Gingiv/o)

• Gingiv/o (L) gums
• Gingivitis inflammed gums

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COMBINING FORM (Pancreat/o)

• Pancreat/o pancreas
• Pan (G) all
• Cre (G) flesh

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COMBINING FORM (Proct/o)

• Proct/o (G) anus and rectum
• Proctologist one who specialises in
• diseases of the
  anus,
• rectum and colon

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COMBINING FORM (Sialaden/o)

• Sialaden/o salivary gland
• Sial (G) spittle, saliva
• Aden (G) gland
• Sialadenitis inflamed salivary gland

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COMBINING FORM (Gluc/o, Glyc/o)

• Gluc/o (G), Glyc/o (G) sweet
• Glucose a simple sugar
• Glycogen a polymer of glucose
• glycogenesis
• glycogen glucose
• glycogenolysis

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COMBINING FORM (Steat/o)

• Steat/o fat (lipid)
• Stea (G) fat
• Lip (G) fat
• Steatorrhea fatty stools

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COMBINING FORM (Odyn/o)

• Odyn/o pain
• Odyn (G) pain
• Odynophagia painful swallowing

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SUFFIXES
(-chezia, -ectasis,-ptysis,-ptosis)

• -chezia (G) to go to stool
• Hematochezia bloody stools
• -ectasis (G) dilation, widening
• Cholangiectasis dilation of a bile duct
• Ang (G) a vessel
• -ptysis (G) spittle, saliva
• Hemoptysis spitting up blood
• -ptosis (G) a fall
• Proptosis a downward displacement of
  an
• organ

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SUFFIXES
(-rrhagia, -rrhea, -rrhaphy)

• -rrhagia excessive flow
• rhagia (G) a breaking out burst
• Menorrhagia excessive menstrual
  bleeding
• -rrhea flow
• rhe (G) flow, current
• Menorrhea normal menstruation
• Diarrhea excessive, watery stools
• Dia through
• -rrhaphy suture
• rhaph (G) a seam
• Cholecystorrhaphy suturing the
  gallbladder

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TERMS (Ascites)

• Ascites fluid accumulated in the
• abdominal cavity
• Asc (G) a bag

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TERMS (Borborygmus, Flatus, Eructation)

• Borborygmus rumbling sound in the
• abdomen (due to gas
  in the
• intestines
• Borboryzein (G) rumbling sound
• Flatus gas in the intestine (colon)
• Flat (L) blow
• Flatulent passing gas
• Eructation (L) to violently erupt (belch)

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TERMS (Icterus or Jaundice)

• Icterus or Jaundice a yellowing
• Icter (G) an oriole
• Jaune (F) yellow

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TERMS (Volvulus, Intussusception)

• Volvulus a twisting of the bowel upon itself
• Volv (L) roll, turn
• Intussusception telescoping of the intestine