Phylum Aves

1
(No Transcript)
2
Phylum Aves

• Birds

3
Evolution of birds

• Adapted for flight very successful adaptation
• Evolved from two-legged dinosaurs called
  theropods.
• Often called feathered dinosaurs

4
Characteristics

• Like reptiles, scales and claws on feet
• Feathers
• Wings
• Endotherms

5
Feet

• Scales
• Claws on toes
• Adapted for many functions
• Grasping
• Perching
• Running
• Swimming
• Climbing
• Scratching

6

• Grasping (raptors)
• Scratching (pheasants)
• Swimming (ducks)
• Perching (robins)
• Running (ostrich)
• Climbing (woodpecker)

7
Feathers! The only organisms with this

• Lightweight
• Modified scale
• Preening waterproofing by using beak to rub oil
  onto feather from tail gland

8
Feather Anatomy

9
Types of Feathers

• Down feathers
• Act as insulation

• Contour (flight) feathers tiny interlocking hooks

10
Wings

• Modification of front limbs
• powerful flight muscles
• Sternum looks like the keel of a boat and
  attaches to flight muscles

11
Strong enough to produce lift/flight

• Long, narrow wings soaring on updrafts
• Short, broad wings short flights among trees

12
Endotherms warm blooded

• Maintain constant body temp through internal
  means Allows birds to live in a variety of
  habitats
• Requires lot of energy to maintain body temp

13
How Birds Cool Off

• Birds cool themselves by
• flattening the wings an hold them away from the
  body
• panting

14

• Birds reduce heat loss by fluffing up feathers
  and trapping a layer of air

15
Reproduction

• Internal Fertilization
• Amniotic Egg

16
Amniotic Egg

• Laid inside nest
• Hard shell (unlike soft reptile shell)
• Distinctive characteristics can be used to
  identify species

17
Egg Identification

• Distinctive characteristics can be used to
  identify species (color, size, shape)

18
Nests

• May be straw, twigs
• May be scratched into sand
• May be seasonal or kept for years
• Birds remain with nest to sit on, periodically
  turn, and hatch eggs
• Some birds take turns sitting on eggs. In some
  species, only one parent does it.

19
Nests

• A martins nest of twigs and leaves

20

• Weaver Bird Nest

21

• Blue Bird Nest

22
Goose Nest
23
Eagle Nest
24
Hummingbird Nest
25
Osprey Nest
26
Flamingo Nest
27
Owls Nest
28
Adaptations

• Project each group takes a species of bird and
  researches/presents adaptations.
• See notes

29
Modifications for Flight

• Four chambered heart
• Wings
• Hollow Bones
• Modified Legs
• Toothless beaks
• Respiratory system
• Digestive system

30
Four chambered heart

• Separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
• Delivers more oxygen to cells

31
Feathers on the Wing

• Primaries attach to hand
• Secondaries attach to arm
• Coverts cover the area where primaries and
  secondaries attach to the bones

32
Hollow Bones

• Decrease body weight
• Strengthened by crosspieces

33
Beak without Teeth

• Made of keratin
• Lack of heavy teeth reduces weight

34
Legs

• Mostly skin, bone, tendons
• Adapted for perching, swimming, or gripping prey

35
Digestive System

• Must consume large amounts of food for energy
• Birds swallow stones to help grind up food in
  gizzard

36
Respiratory System

• Air sacs A holding area for oxygenated air
• When bird exhales, oxygenated air enters lungs
  immediately from air sacs
• Oxygen is available for lungs inhaling and
  exhaling.