Cardiovascular System

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Cardiovascular System

• Heart

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Heart

• Location Mediastinum
• Pericardial Sac
• Pericardial Cavity
• Pericardial Fluid
• Parietal Pericardium

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Heart Wall

• Epicardium Visceral Pericardium
• Myocardium
• Trabeculae carneae
• Endocardium

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Heart Chambers

• Atria (Atrium)
• Auricles
• Interatrial septum

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Heart Chambers

• Ventricles
• Interventricular septum
• Coronary sulcus

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Valves

• Atrioventricular (Tricuspid Bicuspid)
• Chordae tendineae
• Papillary muscles
• Semilunar
• Pulmonary
• Aortic

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Vessels

• Superior Vena Cava
• Inferior Vena Cava
• Pulmonary Trunk (Arteries)
• Pulmonary Veins
• Aorta

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Coronary Circulation

• Aorta
• Coronary arteries
• Myocardium
• Cardiac veins
• Coronary sinus
• Right atrium

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Cardiac Muscle physiology

• Myocardium
• Automated excitement
• No graded responses
• No tetany
• No anaerobic metabolism

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Cardiac Muscle

• Striated, Involuntary
• Intercalated discs
• Refractory period prevents tetany
• Energy
• ATP aerobic metabolism
• Coronary circulation providing O2

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Excitation of cardiac muscle

• Depolarization to threshold is spontaneous due to
  decreased outflow of K
• Sinoatrial node (SA)
• Depolarizes every .8 sec. At rest
• Depolarizes due to change in permeability
• Pacemaker

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Conduction

• Spread to both atria
• AV node (.1 sec. Delay)
• AV Bundle (Bundle of His)
• Purkinje Conduction fibers
• Myocardial cells of ventricle

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Cardiac Cycle

• Systole
• RV 30 mm Hg
• LV 120 mm Hg

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Cardiac Cycle

• Diastole

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Time for cardiac cycle

• Entire cycle is .8 sec.
• Atrial systole .1 sec
• Atrial diastole .7 sec
• Ventricular systole .3 sec
• Ventricular diastole .5 sec

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Pressure Curves

• Atrium
• Ventricle
• Aortic

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Heart Sounds

• S1 AV valves closing
• S2 Semilunar valves closing

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CARDIAC OUTPUT

• CO HR x SV
• 5-6 liters/minute
• 70 beats/minute x 80 mls/beat

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Cardiac Reserve

• Difference between maximum CO and resting CO
• Can increase 700!!

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Heart Rate Control

• Sympathetic Stimulation
• Parasympathetic Stimulation

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Stroke Volume Control

• SV End-diastolic volume End-systolic volume
• End-diastolic volume
• Length of diastole
• Venous Return

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Stroke Volume Control

• End-systolic volume
• Frank-Starling Law
• Sympathetic Nervous System
• Parasympathetic Nervous System

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Factors influencing Cardiac Function

• Cardiac Center in Brainstem
• Exercise,Temperature
• Ions (K, Ca, Na)
• Sex
• Age

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Electrocardiogram

• EKG, ECG
• Leads
• P wave atrial depolarization
• QRS complex ventricular depolarization
• T wave - ventricular repolarization

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