How Se and C affect Fish Health

1
How Se and C affect Fish Health

• John Emil Halver
• School of Aquatic Fishery Sciences
• University of Washington Seattle, WA.

2
C FUNCTIONS IN FISH HEALTH

• Hydroxylation of procollagen
  
• Hydroxylation of tryptophan
  
• Intracellular reducing agent
• Hydroxylation of steriods
• Erythrocyte maturation
• Rapid wound repair
• Serum iron binding
• Resistance to Vibrio
• Mixed function oxidases
• Enhanced phagocytic index
• Resistance to Edwardsiella
• Enhanced antibody production
• A-C-E-Se axis

3
Ascorbate roles in metabolism

• PROLINE --gt HYDROXYPROLINE
• TRYPTOPHAN --gt SERATONIN
• TYROSINE --gt NOREPINEPHRINE
• OSTEOBLASTS --gt WOUND REPAIR
• VASO-HUMORAL --gt BLOOD FLOW
• TOXICANTS --gtMIXED Fn OXIDASES
• STEROIDS --gtSTEROLS
• Fe3 --gtFe2
• Cu2 --gtCu1
• Se4 --gt Se2
• CHOLESTEROL -gt BILE ACIDS

4
Proline to Hydroxyproline

• The amino acid proline is hydroxylated through
  the reducing action of ascorbic acid in the
  presence of ferrric ion to form hydroxyproline,
  which is polymerized to form the fiberous
  structure of tissue membranes.

5
Tryptophan to Seratonin

• Ascorbic acid provides the reducing agent to
  convert tryptophan to the hormone seratonin.

6
Tyrosine to Norepinephrine

• Ascorbic acid also provides the reducing factor
  to convert tyrosine to the hormone
  norepinephrine.

7
Osteoblasts in Wound repair

• Osteoblasts are the first cells formed in tissue
  wound repair, and cellular restructure. Ascorbic
  acid is involved in the synthesis of
  hydroxyproline amino acid that is a major
  component of the cellular membrane.

8
Vaso-humoral structure and Blood flow

• The elastic characteristics of the vascular
  system are determined by the hydroxyproline
  constituants, which are dependent upon ascorbate
  reserves during formation of the fiberous tissues.

9
Toxicants and Mixed Function Oxidases

• The first tissue reaction to toxicants is
  hydroxylation of the chemical compounds involved.
  The mixed function oxidases require ascorbate in
  the oxidation-reduction process involved.

10
Steroids and Sterols

• The conversion of steroids to sterols involves
  ascorbic acid in the hydroxylation in the
  oxidation reduction process involved.

11
Ferric to Ferrous ions

• Ascorbic acid is a reducing agent for the
  conversion of ferric to ferrous ions.

12
Cuppric to cupprus ions

• Ascorbic acid acts as a reducing agent to change
  copper state in compounds involved in
  intermediary metabolism.

13
Selenium4 to Selenium2

• Ascorbic acid acts as the major intracellular
  reducing agent to reduce selenium to an active
  state for glutathione peroxidase reduction of
  lipid peroxides to alcohols.

14
Cholesterol to Bile acids

• The conversion of cholesterol to bile acids
  occurs with ascorbate involved in the
  oxidation-reduction processes.

15
Stability of C forms
Food stability C2Sgt C2TPgt C2MPgt C2Ggt C6Pgt CPgt
DHCgt C1 The stability of various forms of
ascorbate vary. Many of these compounds require
enzymatic conversion to the active ascorbic acid
or C1 reduced condition.
16
3 Cs and a stranger
HPLC analysis of tissues indicate 3 recognized
ascorbate derivatives, and a peak lying between
ascorbate-2-sulphate and ascorbate-2-monophosphate
.
17
C reduces Vibrio mortality
1 gram of C/kg feed dramatically reduces
mortality from Vibrio disease in trout.
18
Many Cs can cure scurvy
Salmon scurvy can be cured by feeding any of
Vitamers C
19
Disaster at sea
Salmon smolts on low Se and C diets die when
converted to sea water environment.
20

• The DiStressed Fish 1

21
(No Transcript)
22
(No Transcript)
23
GTPX Rises with stress
Salmon smolts confined and barged 30 hrs showed
stress and GTPX synthesis.
24
(No Transcript)
25
(No Transcript)
26
Dr. Halver speaking at Pecs, Hungary
27
Dietary Needs (mg/kg dry diet)
Stress increases the dietary needs for Se C in
GTPX, and probably also for Cu Zn that are
involved in SOD structures.
28
Dr. John Emil Halver