Animal Cells

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Animal Cells

• Cell Processes

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• An animals body is made up of millions of tiny
  structural units called cells.

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Cell Structures
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• Cell Wall A cell wall is a fairly rigid layer
  surrounding a cell
• provides the cell with structural support,
  protection, and acts as a filtering mechanism
• Animal Cells do not have cell walls
• They have cell membranes
• Plant cells do have cell walls

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1. Cell Membrane

• Layer of lipid with protein areas that act like
  doors for materials to pass through, holds cell
  together

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2. Nucleus

• Control center, contains genetic material (DNA)

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Nucleus

• gives cell ability to grow, to digest food and to
  divide, contains chromosomes composed of genes

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3. Nucleolus

• The prominent structure in the nucleus.
• Produces ribosomes, which move out of the nucleus
  and take positions on the rough endoplasmic
  reticulum where they are critical in protein
  synthesis

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4. Cytoplasm

• Jelly-like substance within cell membrane and
  nucleus

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Cytoplasm

• gives the cell shape and contains components
  necessary for cell functions

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5. Centriole

• Each centriole is a ring of 9 groups of fused
  microtubules
• Part of the cytoskeleton
• Part of cell division

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6. Golgi Apparatus

• Membrane-bound structure with a single membrane.
• Modifies chemicals to make them functional.
• Stores chemicals

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7. Lysosomes

• Made-up of enzymes that break-down food
  molecules, old organelles, or a broken cell,
  sends digested molecules to mitochondria
• STOMACH-LIKE

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8. Mitochondria

• powerhouse
• Make ATP, which is used for energy in the cell

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9. Vacuole

• A membrane-bound sac that plays roles in
  intracellular digestion and the release of
  cellular waste product.
• can serve a variety of secretory, excretory, and
  storage functions
• Not found in all animal cells

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Endoplasmic reticulum

• Collects proteins and packages them for use
• Folding and transport of proteins to be used in
  the cell membrane, or to be secreted from the
  cell
• production and storage of glycogen, steroids, and
  other macromolecules
• 3 different types smooth, rough and sarcoplasmic

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11. Ribosomes

• Complexes of RNA and protein
• Function - Manufactures new proteins
• Assembles individual amino acids into polypeptide
  chains

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12. Cytoskeleton

• The cytoskeleton determines cell shape and
  organizes structures within cells
• Anchors internal cell structures

Actin filaments are shown in red, microtubules in
green, and the nuclei are in blue
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Creating New Cells
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• Haploid - A single set of chromosomes
• half the full set of genetic material
• present in the egg and sperm cells of animals
• Meiosis
• Diploid - two copies of each chromosome.
• Full set of genetic material
• Mitosis

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• Mitosis type of cell division that increases
  the total number of cells and results in animal
  growth with the chromosome pairs being duplicated
  in each new cell.

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Mitosis Cell Division
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Mitosis Cell Division

• Prophase
• Chromosomes duplicate, nuclear envelope breaks
  down

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Prophase
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MitosisCell Division

• Metaphase
• Chromosomes align, attach to spindle and
  centromere

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Metaphase
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Mitosis Cell Division

• Anaphase
• Centromeres divide, sister chromatids separate
  and move to poles

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Anaphase
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Mitosis Cell Division

• Telophase
• Daughter chromosomes arrive at poles, chromatin
  expands, nuclear envelope reappears, division
  occurs

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Telephase
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Mitosis Cell Division

• Cytokinesis
• Cell membrane moves inward to create two daughter
  cells, each with a nucleus and identical
  chromosomes

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Onion Cell Mitosis
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• Meiosis type of cell division that produces the
  sex cells or gametes that have 1/2 the number of
  chromosomes that body cells have.
• Haploid

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Animal Genetics
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DNA

• Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• Carrier of the genetic code

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Genetics

• The scientific study of heredity

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Genetic Terms

• Genotype genetic makeup (Bb)
• Phenotype physical appearance (Black)

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• Chromosomes
• rod-shaped bodies
• in pairs

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Chromosomes

• Carry genetic material of an organism
• Very long DNA molecule
• Made-up of two chromatids joined at a centromere

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ChromosomeAnatomy
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Chromosomes

• Each animal has certain of pairs
• Human 23
• Cattle 30
• Horse 32
• Dog 39
• Swine/Cat 19

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Chromosomes
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Gene

• Unit of hereditary information
• Region of DNA that controls a hereditary
  characteristic

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Genes

• Complex molecules located on chromosomes
• Control the characteristics that are inherited
  from parents

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Genes
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Heredity

• Passing genes/traits from one generation to the
  next

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• Homozygous
• Having like genes/alleles for a certain trait
• (BB or bb)

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• Heterozygous
• Having different genes/alleles for a certain
  trait
• (Bb)

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Alleles

• The various forms of a gene.

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EXAMPLES OF ALLELES

• Tongue rolling
• Hair colors
• Left or right handed
• Freckles or not

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• Dominant genes
• Genes that are seen and hide their
  corresponding (recessive) allele

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Examples of Dominant Genes

• Angus Cattle black is dominant, red is not (Bb)
• Hereford white face is dominant (Ww)

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• Recessive Genes
• masked (hidden) by dominant genes, but can show
  up when heterozygous gene pairs (Pp x Pp)
  combine as homozygous recessive pp.

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Examples of Recessive Genes

• Recessive genes can only express themselves if
  both genes are recessive
• Polled (Pp) vs Horned (pp)
• Black wool (ww) vs white (Ww)

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• A polled bull bred to a polled cow produces a
  calf that has horns

(Polled no horns)
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Using Genetics in Animal Selection

• Performance Data,
• Heritability EPDs

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Economically Important Traits for Livestock
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• Cattle
• Birth Weight
• Weaning Weight
• Yearling Weight
• Maternal Milking Ability
• Rib-eye area
• Scrotal Circumference

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• Swine
• Litter size
• Number born alive
• Number weaned
• Litter weight
• 10th rib backfat
• Number of teats

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Heritability

• likelihood of a trait being passed on from parent
  to offspring.
• Shown in records called Heritability Estimates
  (H.E.)

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• Herd improvement is faster with high heritability
  estimates and slower with low heritability
  estimates.

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Heritability

• Traits with low heritability estimates are
  improved most through environmental improvements.

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• Traits higher in heritability are improved more
  through selective breeding.

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• Heritability Estimates for traits are generally
  higher in BEEF cattle than in swine.

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Heritability

• higher for carcass quality traits than for
  reproductive traits
• both cattle swine.

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• H.E. vary from about 0 to 70

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Indexes

• Measures how well an animal performs as compared
  to the animals raised/reared with it
• Can measure genetic differences

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Estimated Breeding Values

• Estimates breeding value of an animal as compared
  to other animals
• Computed by using performance data of animal, its
  siblings, and ancestors
• Also called Indexes

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Measurements of Mothering Ability
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Sow Productivity Index

• Indicator of maternal abilities
• Combines of pigs born alive and 21-day litter
  weaning weight

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• Formula (10X pigs born alive) (21 day litter
  weight)

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Reflect on Cows Producing Ability

• Uses weaning weight of calf at 205 days

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• Measures her ability to wean a superior calf,
  pass on growth ability to her calf, to produce
  enough milk to make that possible.

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Expected Progeny Differences

• EPDs an estimate of the genetic worth of an
  individual animal as a parent when compared to
  another individual animal of the same breed.

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EPD

• Given as or decimal value

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EXAMPLE EPD
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• EX) An EPD for birth weight of 2.5 would mean
  that animal should have calves that are 2.5
  pounds heavier at birth than the average for his
  breed.

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Sample EPD
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Birth Weight
Want this not too high, means risk of difficult
birth
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Weaning Weight-
Want moderate to high ?shows growth
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Yearling Weight-
Want high, shows growth
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PRACTICING EPDs
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