The role of social appraisal in the emotion process first results

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The role of social appraisal in the emotion
process(first results)
Giorgio Tosini, Tony Manstead, 2007
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Overview of presentation

• THEORETICAL BACKGROUND SOCIAL APPRAISAL
• HYPOTHESES
• DESIGN
• EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS
• PRELIMINARY ANALYSES
• RESULTS EMOTIONS
• DISCUSSION
• FUTURE ANALYSES

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SOCIAL APPRAISAL
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HYPOTHESES

• THE EXPERIENCE OF AN EMOTION (while we are
  viewing a film excerpt on a monitor) IS HIGHER
  WHEN WE ARE SEEING (in a second monitor)
  ANOTHER PERSON (viewing the same excerpt) WHO IS
  EXPRESSING THE SAME EMOTION
• THIS EFFECT IS STRONGER IF THE FILM EXCERPT IS
  AMBIVALENT
• OUR EMOTION EXPERIENCE IS HIGHER IF WE THINK WE
  WILL MEET THE PERSON ON THE MONITOR AT THE END
  OF THE VIEWING

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DESIGN

• PARTICIPANTS WERE RAMDOMLY ASSIGNED TO CONDITIONS
  ACCORDING TO A 22 DESIGN
• about a MEETING CONDITION
• MEETING(they were told that after viewing they
  would meet the other person, that is the
  confederate)
• NON-MEETING(they were not told anything about a
  meeting)
• and about a CONFEDERATE CONDITION with the same
  expression type in both film excerpts
• AMUSEMENT EXPRESSIONS
• DISGUST EXPRESSIONS
• The 4 experimental conditions were
  counterbalanced across the participants and the
  sequence of the excerpts were alternated

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DEPENDENT VARIABLES

• OTHERS EMOTIONS (anger, surprise, disgust,
  sadness, amusement and fear)
• OWN EMOTIONS (anger, surprise, disgust, sadness,
  amusement and fear)
• ITEMS OF MEETING CONDITION CONTROL

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EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION 1/3

• PARTICIPANTS VIEWED TWO MONITORS AT THE SAME TIME
  (video conferencing paradigm) (1.5 m far, in
  front of the first one)
• on the first monitor THEY VIEWED A SEQUENCE
  (counterbalanced across the participants) OF
  TWO FILM EXCERPTS ELICITING
• AMUSEMENT and DISGUST (ambivalent stimulus)
• DISGUST (non-ambivalent stimulus)
• on the second monitor (during each excerpt
  viewing)THEY VIEWED THE SAME PERSON EXPRESSING
  FOR, BOTH EXCERPTS,ONE OF FOLLOWING EMOTIONS
• AMUSEMENT
• DISGUST
• The participants were filmed for a future
  analysis of their face expressions.

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EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION 2/3
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EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION 3/3

• Choice of the film excerpts
• The film excerpts were chosen from other
  researches (Rottenberg et al., in press, Bruder
  Manstead, in press)
• in a case, the excerpt is ambivalent and elicits
  disgust or amusement (Stand by me)
• in the other case, the excerpt is non-ambivalent
  and elicits disgust (Pink Flamingos)

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Participants

• A sample of 64 females
• They were given 2 credits for the participation.
• Age 18-26 (M19.3, SD1.33).
• British psychology university students (35 of
  first year, 29 of second year).
• British nationality, except one and British first
  language, except two.
• Participants were told that the study concerned
  the emotions elicited by film excerpts and gave
  their written consensus to participate.

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PROCEDURE

• PARTICIPANTS WERE INTRODUCED IN THE ROOM AND
• READ AND SIGNED THE CONSENT FORM
• WERE TOLD IN A WRITTEN FORM ABOUT THE VIEWING AND
  MEETING OR NON-MEETING CONDITION
• VIEWED THE FIRST STIMULUS FILM AND THE OTHER
  PERSON ON THE SECOND MONITOR
• FILLED IN THE FIRST QUESTIONNAIRE (about emotions
  of the other person and their own emotions)
• VIEWED THE SECOND STIMULUS FILM AND THE OTHER
  PERSON ON THE SECOND MONITOR)
• FILLED IN THE SECOND QUESTIONNAIRE (about
  emotions of the other person and their own
  emotions)
• FILLED IN THE THIRD QUESTIONNAIRE (about the
  meeting conditions)

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Preliminary analyses 1/4

• Familiarity with the excerpts
• DISGUST EXCERPT nobody had seen it before
• AMBIVALENT EXCERPT 13 subjects out of 64 had
  seen it before
• Statistical analysis t-test I S
• Results differences in feeling disgust (p.016)
  and surprise (plt.0001) (lower in group of 13)

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Preliminary analyses 2/4

• Check of manipulation of the meeting condition
• Statistical analysis t-test I S
• Results
• differences in the items
• I was told that I would meet the other
  participant after viewing the films (plt.0001)
• I expected to meet the other person after viewing
  the two films (plt.0001)
• I was looking forward to discussing the films
  with the other person (p.023)
• Not for the item
• I was curious about what the other person thought
  and felt about the films (p.124)

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Preliminary analyses 3/4

• Stand by mecheck of the manipulation of the
  confederate condition
• Statistical analysis t-test I S
• Results differences in all the emotions,
  plt.0001, but fear p.029

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Preliminary analyses 4/4

• Pink Flamingos
• Check of the manipulation of the confederate
  condition
• Statistical analysis t-test I S
• Results differences in all the emotions
  expressions, plt.0001

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Results EMOTIONS - STAND BY ME 1/2

• Statistical analysis MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS
  (FIXED FACTORSCONFMEET)
• Results
• difference in the univariate analysis for
  amusement experience (p.042) IN CONTRAST with
  hypothesis

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Results EMOTIONS - STAND BY ME 2/2

• Statistical analysis MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS
  (FIXED FACTORSCONFMEET)
• Results
• Interaction confederatemeeting (p.025)

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Results EMOTIONS - PINK FLAMINGOS 1/2

• Statistical analysis MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS
• Results in the univariate analysis
• not significant differences, but close for
  disgust experience (p.080) and for sadness
  (p.069)

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Results STAND BY ME - CONFEDERATE and MEETING
CONDITIONS, OTHERS and OWN EMOTIONS

• MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS (Significant Partial Eta
  Coefficients)

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Results STAND BY ME - CONFEDERATE and MEETING
CONDITIONS, OTHERS and OWN EMOTIONS

• MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS (Significant Partial Eta
  Coefficients)

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Results STAND BY ME - CONFEDERATE and MEETING
CONDITIONS, OTHERS and OWN EMOTIONS

• MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES (Significant Partial Eta
  Coefficients)

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Results PINK FLAMINGOS - CONFEDERATE and MEETING
CONDITIONS, OTHERS and OWN EMOTIONS

• MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES (Significant Partial Eta
  Coefficients)

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DISCUSSION 1/4

• FIRST HYPOTHESIS (Stand by me)
• THE EXPERIENCE OF AN EMOTION IS HIGHER (while we
  are viewing a film excerpt) WHEN WE ARE SEEING
  (in a second monitor) ANOTHER PERSON (viewing the
  same excerpt) WHO IS EXPRESSING THE SAME EMOTION
• First analysis no significant effects, except
  in the AMUSEMENT EXPERIENCE,but in contrast with
  the hypothesis.
• Second analysis all the confederates emotions
  affected the emotions of the participants (with
  the same contrast about amusement)
• How can we explain the results?
• FIRST
• SECOND

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DISCUSSION 2/4
FIRST HYPOTHESIS (Pink Flamingos) First
analysis no significant effects. Second
analysis all the confederates emotions, except
amusement, affected the emotions of the
participants.
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DISCUSSION 3/4

• SECOND HYPOTHESIS
• THIS EFFECT IS STRONGER IF THE FILM EXCERPT IS
  AMBIVALENT
• THE HYPOTHESIS WAS CONFIRMED,
• in the case of AMUSEMENT EXPERIENCE IN STAND BY
  ME,
• as we have already seen

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DISCUSSION 4/4

• THIRD HYPOTHESIS
• OUR EMOTION EXPERIENCE IS HIGHER IF WE THINK WE
  WILL MEET THE PERSON ON THE MONITOR AT THE END OF
  THE VIEWING
• STAND BY ME THE MEET CONDITION HAS AN
  INTERACTION EFFECT WITH THE CONFEDERATE
  CONDITION
• IF WE THINK WE WILL MEET THE OTHER PERSON,
• THE AMUSEMENT EXPERIENCE IS CLOSER
• TO THE TOTAL MEANIs there a wish of a better
  future relationship with the other person?

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FUTURE ANALYSES

• We need to compute the data to verify some
  models, using the path analyses, to explain
• The relationships between emotional experiences
  and cognitions
• Their influences on the differences between A)
  the levels of the emotion expressions of the
  confederate B) the emotional experiences of the
  participants
• The relationships between the manipulated
  conditions, the others emotions and the
  participants emotions

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

• TECHNICIANS
• David Griffiths
• Dave Miller
• Kevin Hotson
• And the colleague..
• Ben Thatcher