Title: The role of social appraisal in the emotion process first results
1The role of social appraisal in the emotion
process(first results)
Giorgio Tosini, Tony Manstead, 2007
2Overview of presentation
- THEORETICAL BACKGROUND SOCIAL APPRAISAL
- HYPOTHESES
- DESIGN
- EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS
- PRELIMINARY ANALYSES
- RESULTS EMOTIONS
- DISCUSSION
- FUTURE ANALYSES
3SOCIAL APPRAISAL
4 HYPOTHESES
- THE EXPERIENCE OF AN EMOTION (while we are
viewing a film excerpt on a monitor) IS HIGHER
WHEN WE ARE SEEING (in a second monitor)
ANOTHER PERSON (viewing the same excerpt) WHO IS
EXPRESSING THE SAME EMOTION - THIS EFFECT IS STRONGER IF THE FILM EXCERPT IS
AMBIVALENT - OUR EMOTION EXPERIENCE IS HIGHER IF WE THINK WE
WILL MEET THE PERSON ON THE MONITOR AT THE END
OF THE VIEWING
5DESIGN
- PARTICIPANTS WERE RAMDOMLY ASSIGNED TO CONDITIONS
ACCORDING TO A 22 DESIGN - about a MEETING CONDITION
- MEETING(they were told that after viewing they
would meet the other person, that is the
confederate) - NON-MEETING(they were not told anything about a
meeting) - and about a CONFEDERATE CONDITION with the same
expression type in both film excerpts - AMUSEMENT EXPRESSIONS
- DISGUST EXPRESSIONS
- The 4 experimental conditions were
counterbalanced across the participants and the
sequence of the excerpts were alternated
6DEPENDENT VARIABLES
- OTHERS EMOTIONS (anger, surprise, disgust,
sadness, amusement and fear) - OWN EMOTIONS (anger, surprise, disgust, sadness,
amusement and fear) - ITEMS OF MEETING CONDITION CONTROL
7EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION 1/3
- PARTICIPANTS VIEWED TWO MONITORS AT THE SAME TIME
(video conferencing paradigm) (1.5 m far, in
front of the first one) - on the first monitor THEY VIEWED A SEQUENCE
(counterbalanced across the participants) OF
TWO FILM EXCERPTS ELICITING - AMUSEMENT and DISGUST (ambivalent stimulus)
- DISGUST (non-ambivalent stimulus)
- on the second monitor (during each excerpt
viewing)THEY VIEWED THE SAME PERSON EXPRESSING
FOR, BOTH EXCERPTS,ONE OF FOLLOWING EMOTIONS - AMUSEMENT
- DISGUST
- The participants were filmed for a future
analysis of their face expressions.
8EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION 2/3
9EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION 3/3
- Choice of the film excerpts
- The film excerpts were chosen from other
researches (Rottenberg et al., in press, Bruder
Manstead, in press) - in a case, the excerpt is ambivalent and elicits
disgust or amusement (Stand by me) - in the other case, the excerpt is non-ambivalent
and elicits disgust (Pink Flamingos)
10Participants
- A sample of 64 females
- They were given 2 credits for the participation.
- Age 18-26 (M19.3, SD1.33).
- British psychology university students (35 of
first year, 29 of second year). - British nationality, except one and British first
language, except two. - Participants were told that the study concerned
the emotions elicited by film excerpts and gave
their written consensus to participate.
11PROCEDURE
- PARTICIPANTS WERE INTRODUCED IN THE ROOM AND
- READ AND SIGNED THE CONSENT FORM
- WERE TOLD IN A WRITTEN FORM ABOUT THE VIEWING AND
MEETING OR NON-MEETING CONDITION - VIEWED THE FIRST STIMULUS FILM AND THE OTHER
PERSON ON THE SECOND MONITOR - FILLED IN THE FIRST QUESTIONNAIRE (about emotions
of the other person and their own emotions) - VIEWED THE SECOND STIMULUS FILM AND THE OTHER
PERSON ON THE SECOND MONITOR) - FILLED IN THE SECOND QUESTIONNAIRE (about
emotions of the other person and their own
emotions) - FILLED IN THE THIRD QUESTIONNAIRE (about the
meeting conditions)
12Preliminary analyses 1/4
- Familiarity with the excerpts
- DISGUST EXCERPT nobody had seen it before
- AMBIVALENT EXCERPT 13 subjects out of 64 had
seen it before - Statistical analysis t-test I S
- Results differences in feeling disgust (p.016)
and surprise (plt.0001) (lower in group of 13)
13Preliminary analyses 2/4
- Check of manipulation of the meeting condition
- Statistical analysis t-test I S
- Results
- differences in the items
- I was told that I would meet the other
participant after viewing the films (plt.0001) - I expected to meet the other person after viewing
the two films (plt.0001) - I was looking forward to discussing the films
with the other person (p.023) - Not for the item
- I was curious about what the other person thought
and felt about the films (p.124)
14Preliminary analyses 3/4
- Stand by mecheck of the manipulation of the
confederate condition - Statistical analysis t-test I S
- Results differences in all the emotions,
plt.0001, but fear p.029
15Preliminary analyses 4/4
- Pink Flamingos
- Check of the manipulation of the confederate
condition - Statistical analysis t-test I S
- Results differences in all the emotions
expressions, plt.0001
16Results EMOTIONS - STAND BY ME 1/2
- Statistical analysis MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS
(FIXED FACTORSCONFMEET) - Results
- difference in the univariate analysis for
amusement experience (p.042) IN CONTRAST with
hypothesis
17Results EMOTIONS - STAND BY ME 2/2
- Statistical analysis MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS
(FIXED FACTORSCONFMEET) - Results
- Interaction confederatemeeting (p.025)
18Results EMOTIONS - PINK FLAMINGOS 1/2
- Statistical analysis MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS
- Results in the univariate analysis
- not significant differences, but close for
disgust experience (p.080) and for sadness
(p.069)
19Results STAND BY ME - CONFEDERATE and MEETING
CONDITIONS, OTHERS and OWN EMOTIONS
- MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS (Significant Partial Eta
Coefficients)
20Results STAND BY ME - CONFEDERATE and MEETING
CONDITIONS, OTHERS and OWN EMOTIONS
- MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS (Significant Partial Eta
Coefficients)
21Results STAND BY ME - CONFEDERATE and MEETING
CONDITIONS, OTHERS and OWN EMOTIONS
- MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES (Significant Partial Eta
Coefficients)
22Results PINK FLAMINGOS - CONFEDERATE and MEETING
CONDITIONS, OTHERS and OWN EMOTIONS
- MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES (Significant Partial Eta
Coefficients)
23 DISCUSSION 1/4
- FIRST HYPOTHESIS (Stand by me)
- THE EXPERIENCE OF AN EMOTION IS HIGHER (while we
are viewing a film excerpt) WHEN WE ARE SEEING
(in a second monitor) ANOTHER PERSON (viewing the
same excerpt) WHO IS EXPRESSING THE SAME EMOTION - First analysis no significant effects, except
in the AMUSEMENT EXPERIENCE,but in contrast with
the hypothesis. - Second analysis all the confederates emotions
affected the emotions of the participants (with
the same contrast about amusement) - How can we explain the results?
- FIRST
- SECOND
24 DISCUSSION 2/4
FIRST HYPOTHESIS (Pink Flamingos) First
analysis no significant effects. Second
analysis all the confederates emotions, except
amusement, affected the emotions of the
participants.
25 DISCUSSION 3/4
- SECOND HYPOTHESIS
- THIS EFFECT IS STRONGER IF THE FILM EXCERPT IS
AMBIVALENT - THE HYPOTHESIS WAS CONFIRMED,
- in the case of AMUSEMENT EXPERIENCE IN STAND BY
ME, - as we have already seen
26 DISCUSSION 4/4
- THIRD HYPOTHESIS
- OUR EMOTION EXPERIENCE IS HIGHER IF WE THINK WE
WILL MEET THE PERSON ON THE MONITOR AT THE END OF
THE VIEWING - STAND BY ME THE MEET CONDITION HAS AN
INTERACTION EFFECT WITH THE CONFEDERATE
CONDITION - IF WE THINK WE WILL MEET THE OTHER PERSON,
- THE AMUSEMENT EXPERIENCE IS CLOSER
- TO THE TOTAL MEANIs there a wish of a better
future relationship with the other person?
27FUTURE ANALYSES
- We need to compute the data to verify some
models, using the path analyses, to explain - The relationships between emotional experiences
and cognitions - Their influences on the differences between A)
the levels of the emotion expressions of the
confederate B) the emotional experiences of the
participants - The relationships between the manipulated
conditions, the others emotions and the
participants emotions
28ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- TECHNICIANS
- David Griffiths
- Dave Miller
- Kevin Hotson
- And the colleague..
- Ben Thatcher
-