Bird Bone Review

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Bird Bone Review
A
D
C
B
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Bird Notes Review

• 1. What is Archaeoptryx?
• Earliest known bird
• 2. What is a BENEFIT of being an ectotherm?
• Dont need a lot of food
• 3. What are contour feathers?
• Large feathers covering the body and wings
• 4. What is the quill of a feather?
• Hollow part of the rachis beneath the skin of
  the bird
• 5. What is the supra coracoidus?
• Muscle that raises the wings

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Bird Notes Part 2
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Feeding

• Carnivorous, Herbivorous, Omnivorous
• High metabolic rates require large amounts of
  food
• Crop enlarged area of esophagus
• Proventriculus 1st part of stomach where food
  is mixed with enzymes
• Gizzard muscular 2nd part of stomach that
  contains bits of gravel used to grind food

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Respiration

• Because of high metabolic rate require large
  quantities of oxygen
• Trachea windpipe splits into right and left
  bronchi which lead to lungs
• Syrinx- songbox (located at bottom of trachea)

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• Lungs have anterior and posterior air sacs
• 1st inspiration Air goes in nostrils, into
  posterior air sacs
• 1st expiration Air moves from posterior air sacs
  to lungs where O2 is exchanged for CO2
• 2nd inspiration Air moves from lungs to anterior
  air sacs
• 2nd expiration Deoxygenated air moves from
  anterior air sacs out of body

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Circulation

• Four chambered heart (2 atria, 2 ventricles)
• Complete separation of oxygenated and
  deoxygenated blood
• a. Right atrium
• b. Right ventricle
• c. Left atrium
• d. Left ventricle
• Right side of heart pumps to lungs
• Left side of heart pumps to body
• Spleen removes old red blood cells

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Excretory

• Kidneys excrete waste in the form of uric acid
  conserves H2O
• Marine dwelling birds have salt glands (usually
  near eyes), gets rid of toxic salt levels

Bird Southern giant petrel Nasal Salt Gland
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Nervous

• Cerebrum flying, nest building, care of young,
  courtship
• Cerebellum- coordination of movement
• Midbrain tectum contains optic lobes and is
  center of vision
• See color well
• Predatory birds excellent vision

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Reproductive

• Males
• Produce sperm in pair of testes
• Testes Vas Deferens Seminal Vesicle Cloaca
• Females
• Single left ovary produces egg
• Egg body cavity oviduct cloaca
• As eggs pass down oviduct, they are covered by
  albumin (nutritious protein)
• Lime gland at the base of oviduct produces shell

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• Amniote egg similar to reptile , but yolk is
  larger
• Chalaza- strands hold yolk in place
• Embryo before hatching, peck out of shell using
  tooth projection on top of beak

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• Precocial birds
• Hatch with eyes open, covered with down, and
  typically leave the nest within two days
• Some may follow parents and get their own food
  (ducklings), some may follow their parents and
  are shown food, and some may follow their parents
  and are shown food and fed by the parents.
• Semiprecocial birds
• Hatch with eyes open, covered with down, and
  capable of leaving the nest, but they stay by the
  nest and are fed by the parents.
• Semialtricial birds
• Covered with down, incapable of departing from
  the nest, and fed by the parents
• Some, like hawks and herons, hatch with their
  eyes open. Others like owls hatch with their eyes
  closed.
• Altricial birds
• hatched with eyes closed, with little or no down,
  incapable of departing from the nest, and are fed
  by the parents. (MOST SONG BIRDS ARE ALTRICIAL)

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Behavior of Birds

• Courtship male engages in elaborate rituals to
  attract female
• Ex feather display, dancing
• Nesting build, lay eggs, incubate
• Migration seasonal movement
• 2/3 species in US make annual trip between winter
  feeding grounds and summer breeding grounds

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Basic Form of Wings

• Elliptical Wings maneuver in forest habitats
  (sharp turns)
• High Speed Wings long flying migrations
• Soaring Wings broad wings for soaring

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March of the Penguins Intro

• All 17 species of penguins live in the Southern
  Hemisphere.
• Penguins generally live on islands and remote
  continental regions that are free of land
  predators, where their inability to fly is not
  detrimental to their survival.
• Some species spend as much as 75 of their lives
  at sea.
• Penguin wings are paddlelike flippers used for
  swimming. The motion of the flippers resembles
  the wing movements of flying birds, giving
  penguins the appearance of flying through the
  water.
• Having solid, dense bones helps penguins overcome
  buoyancy