PSYCHOLOGY

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PSYCHOLOGY
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FATHER OF PSYCHOLOGY

• WILHELM WUNDT (1832-1920)
• HE STARTED THE FIRST LABORATORY
• FOR STUDYING HUMANS (1879)

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• Psychology is the scientific study of human and
  animal behavior and mental processes.
• For example, psychology explores so many aspects
  of our lives such as
• Personality
• Emotions
• Memory
• Mental disorders/personality disorders
• Consciousness
• The brain

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• THEORIES EXPLAINING OUR BEHAVIOR
• PSYCHOANALYSIS
• BEHAVIORISM
• HUMANISM
• COGNITIVE
• NEUROBIOLOGICAL
• SOCIOCULTURAL

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FOUNDER OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
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FREUDS COUCH USED FOR THERAPY
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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

• Austrian physician/ neurologist
• Began studying psychological problems
• in patients and developed a theory
• explaining the reasons for their problems.
• Used free association and dreams to learn more
  about what was going in the persons
  unconscious.

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Psychoanalysis

• Freud developed his theory of behavior and
  technique for exploring that behavior which he
  called psychoanalysis
• He believed that our actions are motivated by
  unconscious forces within us that originate from
  childhood experiences, aggressive impulses,
  sexual urges, memories, and fantasies.

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• Freud believed that dreams were the royal road
  to the unconscious and that
• interpreting dreams can help understand
• what is really going on in our mind.
• Freud developed one of the first theories of
  personality and said that our self is divided
  into three parts which relates to
• our levels of consciousness.

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• ID CONTAINS OUR BASIC NEEDS
• AND DRIVES, SEXUAL AND
• AGGRESSIVE IMPULSES LOCATED
• IN THE UNCONSCIOUS PART OF
• MIND
• SUPEREGO- ROUGHLY THE SAME AS
• OUR CONSCIENCE WHICH CAUSES
• GUILT FOR BEING BAD AND PRIDE
• FOR DOING THE RIGHT THINGS

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• EGO- THE SELF THAT ALLOWS
• CONTROLLED ID EXPRESSION
• WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES OF
• THE SUPEREGO.
• The unconscious can surface in
• our dreams, through free association, and our
  ego which
• allows the expression of the ID.

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BEHAVIORISM

• IVAN PAVLOV ( a physiologist not a psychologist)
• JOHN WATSON
• B.F.SKINNER
• OUR BEHAVIOR IS PRIMARILY A RESULT OF WHAT WE
  LEARN BY CONDITIONING THROUGH ASSOCIATIONS,
  REWARDS AND
• PUNISHMENTS

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JOHN WATSON BEHAVIORIST LEARNED
BEHAVIOR DOMINATES OUR ACTIONS. Experimented
with Little Albert and other small children to
test his theories.
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Little Albert being conditioned to be afraid of
a little white rat.
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B.F.SKINNER A BEHAVIORIST LEARNING BY
CONDITIONING THROUGH POSITIVE AND
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENTS This type of learning is
called operant conditioning.
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Skinner conducted hundreds of experiments on rats
and pigeons which demonstrated operant
conditioning
The animals learned to perform numerous tasks
through the use of rewards, such as pellets of
food.
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COGNITIVE (Thinking)

• BEHAVIOR IS INFLUENCED BY OUR
• THOUGHTS AND INTERNAL SENTENCES
• IRRATIONAL THOUGHTS CAN AFFECT THE
• WAY WE BEHAVE AND RELATE TO OTHER
• PEOPLE

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COGNITIVE- (THINKING)
JEAN PIAGET
PROPOSED A THEORY OF HOW WE GO THROUGH STAGES OF
THINKING AND REASONING AS WE GROW
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IRRATIONAL THOUGHTS AFFECT OUR BEHAVIOR

• All or nothing thinking
• Overgeneralization
• Mental filter
• Disqualifying the positive
• Jumping to conclusions
• Exaggerating or minimizing
• Emotional reasoning
• Should statements
• Labeling and mislabeling

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HUMANISTIC

• OUR BEHAVIOR IS MOTIVATED BY HOW
• WE FEEL ABOUT OURSELVES
• WITH THE RIGHT NURTURING
• ENVIRONMENT, A PERSON CAN REACH
• HIS/HER POTENTIAL, BUT THE
• ENVIRONMENT DOESNT FORCE US TO
• DO ANYTHING.

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HUMANISTIC
CARL ROGERS PEOPLE ARE BASICALLY GOOD STRESSES
INDIVIDUAL FREE CHOICE
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ABRAHAM MASLOW (Humanist) DEVELOPED
IDEA OF HIERARCHY OF NEEDS WITH THE HIGHEST
LEVEL OF PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENT BEING SELF-ACTUALIZ
ATION
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NEUROBIOLOGICAL

• BEHAVIOR IS EXPLAINED BY WHAT IS
• HAPPENING IN OUR BODIES-
• BRAIN CHEMISTRY
• NERVOUS SYSTEM
• PHYSICAL CONDITIONS
• GLANDULAR SYSTEM
• HORMONE LEVELS

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SOCIOCULTURAL

• CULTURAL INFLUENCES AFFECT OUR BEHAVIOR .
  SOMEOF THESE ARE
• Social differences
• Ethnic, racial, and religious influences
• Values
• Family traditions
• Expectations of our family and society
• Established norms in our society

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FAMILY TRADITIONS, VALUES, CUSTOMS
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ECLECTICISM

• TAKING FROM TWO OR MORE
• APPROACHES AND COMBINING
• THEM IN EXPLAINING BEHAVIOR
• AND TREATING BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS.
• Most psychologists embrace the
• eclectic approach.

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Test your understanding Explanations for behavior

• Psychoanalysis-
• Behaviorism-
• Cognitive-
• Humanism-

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EXPLANATIONS FOR BEHAVOR

• Neurobiological
• Sociocultural