THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• CHAPTER 14
• MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

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REPRODUCTION

• MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• EXTERNAL GENITALA
• PENIS
• SCROTUM
• INTERNAL GENITALA
• TESTES
• EPIDIDYMUS
• SEMINAL VESICLES
• PROSTATE GLAND

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EXTERNAL GENITALS

• Penis--composed of 3 bodies of cylinder shaped
  erectile tissues
• Two basic functions
• deposit sperm
• provide a passageway for urine
• Scrotum--a holder for the testes and epididymus

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THE TESTES

• Testes or Testicles are egg shaped glands.
• Surrounded by a whitish membrane called tunica
  albuginea
• Testes are separated into lobules that contain
  yellow tubes call seminiferous tubules which are
  extremely important
• Functions of testes is to
• produce sperm
• produce testosterone

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SPERM

• Sperm or spermatozoa is a highly specialized cell
  in the body
• Sperm production starts in the walls of the
  seminiferous tubules
• Sperm consist of a head and tail/flagela

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THE EPIDIDYMIS

• The epididymis is the upper part of each testis.
• Sperm collect in the epididymis where they
  develop and grow strong to develop their swimming
  ability.
• Sperm leave the epididymis and travel through the
  vas deferens that carries sperm into the pelvic
  region

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OTHER INTERNAL GENATALIA

• Seminal vesicles--pouch like gland located behind
  the bladder
• Secretes a thick yellowish substance to nourish
  the sperm cells

• Ejaculatory duct--the lower part of the seminal
  vessels
• Passes through the prostate gland
• Allows sperm to empty into the urethra

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PROSTATE GLAND

• Prostate gland is below the baldder
• Surrounds the urethra
• Secretes a milk like fluid that is part of the
  seminal fluid
• Bulbo Urethral Gland lies below the prostate gland

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PROBLEMS IN THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• WHAT CAUSES INFERTILITY
• Temperature is too high
• Sperm dont develop because of injuries, drugs,
  alcohol
• Syphilis
• Mumps
• Surgical Procedures

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VASECTOMY

• What is a vasectomy?
• It is a simple, quick method of contraception
• A vasectomy disrupts the flow of sperm through
  the vas deferens
• A surgeon actually cust through the vas deferens
  and then places a slip or suture around the cut
  ends

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VASECTOMY REVERSAL

• What is a vasectomy reversal?
• A reversal is a surgical procedure that restores
  the flow of sperm through the vas deferens
• A vasovasostomy entails stitching the cut ends of
  the vas deferens together
• Sometimes a vasoepididymostomy may be performed

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VASOEPIDIDYMOSTOMY

• What is a vasoepididymostomy?
• Because of inflammation or scarring the vas
  deferens may be blocked
• Vasoepididymostomy directly connects the vas
  deferens to the epididymis

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PRODUCTION OF TESTROSTON

• TESTROSTON IS A HORMONE
• HELPS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEX
  CHARACTERISITCS
• PRODUCTION OCCURS IN THE INTERSITCIAL CELLS OF
  THE TESTES

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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• There are also 2 divisions of the female
  reporductive system
• The External Organs or Vulva
• The Internal Organs
• Lets examine each of these structures

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EXTERNAL ORGANS

• MONS PUBIS
• CLITORIS
• LABIA MAJORA
• LABIA MINORA
• BARTHOLIN GLAND
• PERINEUM

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INTERNAL ORGANS

• UTERUS
• FALLOPIAN TUBES
• OVARY
• VAGINA

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THE UTERUS

• An organ with muscular walls and mucous membrane
  lining
• Consists of three parts
• Fundus
• Corpus
• Cervix

• Consists of 3 layers
• Perimetrium
• Myometrium
• Endometrium
• Has 3 functions
• menstruation
• pregnancy
• labor

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FALLOPIAN TUBES

• Also called oviducts or uterine tubes
• Extend from the uterus to near each ovary
• Contain finger-like projections called fimbriae
• Act as a passage way for ova
• Convey sperm traveling upward

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OVARIES

• Small almond-shaped organs
• Rest on each side of the uterus
• Contain about 400,000 follicles
• Each follicle contains an oocyte

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MAMMARY GLANDS

• The breasts lie over the pectoral muscles
• They are milk producing glands
• They develop during puberty
• Each breast consists of 15 to 20 lobes
• The lobes are arranged radically
• Each lobe consists of several lobules which
  consists of milk-secreting glandular cells

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MENSTRUAL CYCLE

• Consists of changes in the uterus, ovaries,
  vagina, breast, and pituitary glands hormone
  secretion
• Typical menstrual cycle covers a period of about
  28 days but can vary
• Each cycle consists of 4 phases
• Menstrual Period
• Postmenstrual Period
• Ovulatory Period
• Premenstrual Period

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FERTILIZATION

• Male ejaculates approximately 100 million sperm
  cells into the females vagina
• Sperm travels up through the vagina into the
  uterus then to the fallopian tube
• Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube
• Fertilized egg or zygote travels back down to the
  uterus where it is implanted

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PREGNANCY

• A childs development is in three stages or
  trimesters
• A child takes 9 months to develop
• The placenta allows for the exchange of
  nutrients, oxygen, and waste products

• The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the
  placenta
• Amnion is a membrane that covers the fetal side
  of the placenta
• The amniotic cavity contains fluid and protects
  the fetus

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PREGNANCY STAGES

• There are three distinct stages of pregnancy
• The First Trimester
• The Second Trimester
• The Third Trimester
• Lets examine each of these trimesters

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FIRST TRIMESTER

• The baby is undergoing tremendous changes.
• At six weeks the baby is about the size of a
  grain of rice
• All major body organs are formed
• Growth is very rapid
• At eight weeks the face will have formed
• In the third month the finger/toes will develop

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SECOND TRIMESTER

• Fetus grows dramatically
• Babys movements will become more active
• The fetus sleeps and wakes at regular intervals,
  swallows, passes urine
• The Fetus will weigh between 1 to 1 1/2 lbs
• The Fetus will be approximately 11 to 14 inches
  long
• The face will be fully formed
• You can hear a heartbeat

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THIRD TRIMESTER

• Baby continues to grow
• All the babys organs are matured
• Increased movement
• At 36 weeks the top of the uterus will have
  extended to below the breast bone
• The baby is more than 18 inches long
• The baby usually weighs between 6 to 9 lbs

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LABOR DELIVERY

• Labor Delivery occurs in three stages
• Stage 1 is the dilatation of the cervix with
  effacement which is the thinning and shortening
  of the cervix
• Stage 2 the water bag breaks and uterine
  contraction increases until the baby is delivered
• Stage 3 is the explusion of the placenta through
  the vagina

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LABOR DELIVERY

• NATURAL CHILDBIRTH--VAGINAL DELIVERY
• ASSISTED CHILDBIRTH--CESAREAN SECTION

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ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

• Hormone treatment
• Intrauterine insemination
• Surgery
• In vitro fertilization
• Gamete intrafallopian transfer
• Zygote intrafallopian transfer
• Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

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IN VITRO FERTILIZATION

• Step 1--suppressing follicular development
  through medication
• Step 2--stimulate increased oocyte development
• Step 3--oocyte retrieval
• Step 4--semen collection
• Step 5--insemination of the eggs
• Step 6--embryo transfer

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FEMALE INFERTILITY

• Irregular menstrual cycle
• Cervical eversion
• Proximal Tubal Occlusion
• Maligancy

• Hormone replacement/birth control pills
• Cryosurgery
• Hysterosalpingogram/ transcervical tubal
  catheterization
• Hysterectomy

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MULTIPLE BIRTHS

• Refers to the birth of two or more infants from
  the same pregnancy
• Identical Twins--one egg that splits
• Fraternal Twins--two different ova fertilized by
  two different spermatoza

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