Chapter 1 - Biomechanics of Musculoskeletal Injury

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Chapter 1 - Biomechanics of Musculoskeletal Injury

• KNES 463

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Why study the biomechanics of injuries?

• National Safety Council Annual cost gt 435
  million and 40 of hospital admissions
• Unintentional injuries are the 5th leading cause
  of death in the U.S.
• Potential life span for injures related deaths 36
  years

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What is the difference between an accident and
injury?

• Accident unexpected, unavoidable and
  unintentional event
• Some accidents involve injuries

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What is an injury?

• Damage caused by physical trauma sustained by
  tissues of the body

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What is Biomechanics?

• The applications of mechanical principles to
  biological problems.
• Mechanism Physical process responsible for a
  given action, reaction, or result.
• Interdisciplinary approach (anatomy, physiology,
  mechanics, medicine, engineering, psychology)

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Historical Perspective

• Origins of mankind (prehistoric)
• Treatment of injuries also as old as injuries
• Surgical Instruments by Indian, Egyptians, Incas,
  and other cultures

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Famous Contributors to the study of Injuries

• Hippocrates Establish foundations for the study
  of injury and medicine. Father of medicine.
• Described many Orthopaedic conditions

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Famous Contributors to the study of Injuries

• Galen Roman Physician (Gladiators)
• Basic anatomy, treatment of spinal deformities,
  use of pressure bandages
• Dark Ages after Roman Empire

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Famous Contributors to the study of Injuries

• Andreas Vesalius Belgian Physician, provided
  detailed anatomical drawings of human dissections

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Famous Contributors to the study of Injuries

• Leonardo DaVinci Role of joints, body senses
  (pain), trauma (impact), scientific drawings,
  similarities between man and machine.

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Industrial Age and Technology

• Technological advances
• Laser surgery
• Arthroscopy
• Artificial joints
• Microsurgery

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Epidemiology

• Study of incidence, distribution, and control of
  disease (can predispose a person to injury) and
  injury in a given population

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Epidemiological Studies

• Descriptive Analysis of the frequency and
  distribution of an injury in a population
• Categorization items
• Severity
• Location (site)
• Type of disability
• Population subset
• Activity

• Analytical Finds the cause and effect
  relationships in an injury
• More difficult, time consuming
• Must rule out all possible factors such as
  coincidence or mere correlation

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Terminology

• Incidence Number of new injuries in fixed period
  of time by a group of people at risk.
• Prevalence Number of people with an
  injury/number of people at risk
• Injury rate Number of injury in
  population/reference measure (practice episodes,
  hours of exposure, innings played)
• Relative risk Likelihood of an injury happening
  to a group

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Psychological Perspective

• A persons likelihood to injury depends on the
  task, environment, and the persons psychological
  state

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Psychological States

• Psychological states predispose people to
  injuries
• Stress
• Distraction
• Fatigue

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Human Error

• Inappropriate or undesirable human decision or
  behavior that has the potential for reducing
  effectiveness safety or performance

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How can we reduce human error?

• Selection of people with appropriate skills
• Training
• Effective equipment, procedures, and environment

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Why do people suffer accidents?

• Accident-proneness
• Accident-liability (situations)
• Capability-demand (increase demands)
• Adjustment-stress (increase stress levels)
• Arousal-alertness (boredom/anxiety)
• Goals-freedom-alertness (workers set own goals ?
  injuries)
• CFAC (comprehensive multi-factor model)

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Risk for Injury or death

• Perception of risks
• overestimation of expertise or abilities
• overemphasizing situations
• It cant happen to me! philosophy

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Psychological factors in Injury
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How can we prevent injuries?

• Injury Control programs
• educate those at risk
• Legislation (seat belts)
• Automatic protection (airbags)
• Automatic protection is the most effective

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How can we prevent injuries?

• Health safety Education Programs
• Least effective program
• Greater the effort to adopt a safer behavior the
  less likely the adoption of that behavior
• Fitness Programs
• Fit individual a less likely to be injured and
  recover faster

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Can injuries be eliminated?

• No, but the severity and the incidence can be
  reduced