Clinical Psychology

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Clinical Psychology
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Nature of Clinical Psychology

• Application of psychology to problems and
  possibilities of human living
• Derived from the word klinike

sickbed
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Nature of Clinical Psychology

• APA Division 12
• The field of clinical psychology integrates
  science, theory, and practice to understand,
  predict, and alleviate maladjustment, disability,
  and discomfort as well as to promote human
  adaptation, adjustment, and personal development.
  Clinical psychology focuses on the intellectual,
  emotional, biological, psychological, social, and
  behavioral aspects of human functioning across
  the lifespan, in varying cultures, and at all
  socioeconomic levels.

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History of Clinical Psychology

• Hippocrates
• Four bodily liquids
• Blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm
• Medical Model
• Aristotle
• First psychologist?

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History of Clinical Psychology

• Middle ages
• Shift from medical model
• Church became main social and legal institution
  of Europe
• exorcising the spirits

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History of Clinical Psychology

• 16th-17th century
• Hospital movement
• Saw mental illness as product of brain pathology

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History of Clinical Psychology

• 18th Century
• Mental Hygiene movement
• 19th Century
• Wilhelm Wundt
• First official psychologist
• First official psychology laboratory

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History of Clinical Psychology

• 19th Century
• Jean Martin Charcot
• Hippolyte Bernheim
• Pierre Janet
• Sigmund Freud

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History of Clinical Psychology

• 1896-1917
• Lightner Witmer

First clinical psychologist

• Worked with Wundt at the University of Leipzig
• After completing his doctorate in 1892, he was
  appointed director of the U of Pennsylvania
  psychology laboratory

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History of Clinical Psychology

• Witmers Influence
• His recommendations were preceded by diagnostic
  assessment
• Worked from a team approach
• Emphasized prevention of future problems through
  early diagnosis
• Wanted clinical psychology to be built on
  scientific principles

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History of Clinical Psychology

• Witmers model
• Clinical psychology is derived from examination
  of human beings
• Psychological clinic is an institution for
• legal and social public service
• Original research
• Instruction of student in psychological
  orthogenics
• Vocational
• Educational
• Correctional
• Industrial

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History of Clinical Psychology

• Witmer
• Ignored works of colleagues
• Ignored adult assessment
• Ignored psychotherapy

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History of Clinical Psychology

• William Healy (1909)
• Founded the first child-guidance clinic
• Focused on misbehavior rather than learning
  disabilities

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History of Clinical Psychology

• 1909--G. Stanley Hall
• Arranged to have a few speakers at Clark
  University in Worcester, Mass

- Sigmund Freud
- Carl Jung
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History of Clinical Psychology

• Between the Wars 1918-1941
• Recruits had to be classified in terms of
  intelligence and psychological stability
• Army Alpha and Army Beta Intelligence Tests
• Testing increased opportunities for other
  psychologists

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History of Clinical Psychology

• Between the Wars 1918-1941
• Buros (1938) Mental Measurements Year book
• Even in 1930s as responsibilities grew, clinical
  psychology was not yet a recognized profession

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History of Clinical Psychology

• American Association of Applied Psychology (AAAP
  1937)
• Returned to APA six years later
• Shakow Report (1947)

• clinical psychologists should be trained first
  as scientists and second as practicing
  professionals

• Clinical training should consist of a 4-yr
  doctorate, including a year of supervised
  clinical internship

3. Clinical training should focus on holy
trinity (assessment, research and treatment
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History of Clinical Psychology

• The Postwar Explosion
• 1,500 psychologists served in WWII
• 40,000 were in VA psychiatric settings
• 1946 VA defined clinical psychology as a
  profession that
• Engaged in diagnosis, treatment, and research
  relating to adult disorders
• Described clinicians as holding a PhD

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History of Clinical Psychology

• Boulder Model (1949)

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Clinical Psychology in the 21st Century

• Scientist-practitioner model
• Value of assessment and therapy
• Prevention
• Prescription privileges
• Impact of health care reforms on private practice
• Quality of clinical services
• Increasingly interdisciplinary and specialized
  nature of clinical work

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Challenges of Health Care Reform

• Managed Care
• Further changes
• Continued post-1990 decline in solo private
  practice as more clinicians join group practices
  to cut costs
• Increase in use of brief therapies that emphasize
  problem-solving skills and rapid symptom
  reduction
• Emphasis on prevention
• Demand that clinicians employ only empirically
  supported treatment methods
• Larger role for non-PhD trained professionals

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Trends

• Positive psychology
• Eclectic approaches
• Journal of Psychotherapy Integration
• Interdisciplinary work
• Specialization
• Challenge of cultural diversity

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Activities of a Clinical Psychologist

• Assessment
• Collection of information
• Behavior
• Problems
• Unique characteristics
• Abilities
• Intellectual functioning
• Describe personality characteristics
• Select treatment techniques

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Activities of a Clinical Psychologist

• Treatment
• Outpatient
• Inpatient

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Activities of a Clinical Psychologist

• Research
• Teaching
• Consultation
• Administration

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Neighboring Professions

• Four core mental health professions
• Clinical psychology
• Social work
• Mental health nursing
• Psychiatry

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Paraprofessionals

• Lack advanced degrees in psychology
• May not have college degrees

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Master Degrees in Mental Health Work

• Psychological assistants
• Psychological associates