Neuroanatomy

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Neuroanatomy

• Seikel, Chapter 12

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Overview

• Voluntary for communication seen in light of the
  context of automaticity and background.
• Automaticity-development of patterns of responses
  that no longer demand specific motor control
• Background-muscular contraction that supports
  action or movement

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• Voluntary activities are considered to be
  voluntary activities, but are actually automated
  responses.
• Automatic functions are supported by background
  tonicity - a partial contraction as muscle tone
• The body works as a unit to meet needs.

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• Cerebral cortex or cerebrum - Voluntary
  movement, consciousness
• Cerebellum movement coordination
• Basal ganglia- modifies output from cerebrum-
  involved in background
• Neural pathways, nerves or tracts
• Motor commands conveyed to the periphery
• Sensory information transmitted to the brain for
  evaluation

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Sensors and Effectors

• Sensors relay information from the environment to
  the brain
• Effectors are the means to respond to changing
  conditions
• Superficial sensation temperature, pain, touch
• Deep sensation muscle tension, muscle length,
  point position sense, muscle pain, pressure, and
  vibration

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Types of Sensation

• Somatic sense pain, temp, stim
• Kinesthetic sense body in motion
• Special senses transduce information
• Vision
• Hearing
• Olfaction
• Tactile
• Gustation

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• Sensor types vary by the stimulus to which they
  respond
• Synapse dendritic connection with bipolar
  first-order sensory neurons

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Receptors

• Mechanoreceptors
• Chemoreceptors
• Photoreceptors
• Thermoreceptors
• Teleceptors
• Interoceptors
• Exteroceptors
• Proprioceptors

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Divisions of the Nervous System

• Anatomically
• Central Nervous System
• Peripheral Nervous System

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• Functionally
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Sympathetic-thoracolumbar
• Parasympathetic-craniosacral
• CNS and PNS involvement
• Somatic Nervous System
• Pyramidal motor strip and cerebral cortex
• Extrapyramidal tone and support

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Neurons
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Ventricles
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Cerebrum
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• Locate the following
• Superior longitudinal fissure
• Left and right hemispheres
• Frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes
• Central fissure
• Lateral sulcus
• Pre and post central gyri

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Landmarks
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Frontal Lobe

• Predominately for planning, initiation, and
  inhibition of voluntary motion and cognitive
  functioning
• Brocas area - Inferior frontal gyrus/frontal
  operculum
• Motor strip precentral gyrus

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Parietal Lobe

• Primary reception site for somatic (body) sense
  Postcentral gyrus
• Cortical association area integrating info
• Visual, audition and somatic
• Supramarginal gyrus important for comprehension
  of written language
• Angular gyri involved in the motor planning for
  speech

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Temporal Lobe

• Site of auditory reception and for auditory and
  receptive language processing
• Superior temporal gyrus Heschls gyrus
• all auditory information is projected there
• Lateral to Heschls gyrus is a higher-order
  processing region for auditory stimulation
• Posterior portion of stg is Wernickes area

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Medial Surface of Cerebral Cortex

• Corpus Collosum

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Inferior Surface of Cerebral Cortex

• Parahippocampal gyrus
• The hippocampus is deeply involved in memory

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Myelinated Fibers

• Projection fibers
• Association Fibers
• Commissural Fibers

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Subcortex

• Basal ganglia
• Hippocampal formation
• Thalmus

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Cerebrovascular System

• Vascular System
• Aorta - Carotid and vertebral branches
• Carotid
• Anterior and middle cerebral arteries
• Vertebral
• Anterior and posterior spinal arteries
• Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
• Basilar artery
• Posterior cerebral arteries
• Superior cerebellar and anterior
  inferior cerebellar
• arteries
• Circle of Willis

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Cerebrovascular Accidents

• Thrombus
• Thrombosis
• Embolus
• Embolism
• Aneurysm
• Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery may
  result in language and speech deficits if in the
  dominant cerebral hemisphere

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Cranial Nerves