Advanced Swine Nutrition Programs

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Advanced Swine Nutrition Programs

• US Grain Councils
• 2009 Southeast Asia Tour
• Dr. Bob Thaler
• South Dakota State University

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How Does Feed Intake Affect Nutrient Levels?

• Inclusion rates and nutrient content are listed
  in for people, not for pigs
• Pigs require absolute amounts of nutrients
  (g/day, IU/day, etc.), not
• are based on an expected feed intake (GUESS
  different for every operation)

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How Does Feed Intake Affect Nutrient Levels?

• A pig eating 2 kg of feed containing 1.00 lysine
  consumes 20 g of lysine per day
• (2000 .01 20)
• If feed intake decreases to 1.8 kg/d, the pig is
  now consuming only18g of lysine/d (1800 .01)
• To consume 20 g lysine/d with a feed intake of
  1.8kg, diet needs to contain 1.11 lysine(20/1800
  100)

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LysineCalorie Ratio

• Pigs need a specific amount of energy and amino
  acids to make protein
• These amounts can be expressed as the
  lysinecalorie ratio
• Addresses the problems associated with varying
  feed intakes and energy density of diets
• Ratios change throughout the pigs life since it
  is depositing different types and amounts of
  protein

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LysineCalorie Ratio

• PIC estimate of the correct ratio
• Body Weight, kg g lysine/Mcal ME
• 22-41 3.18
• 42-68 2.79
• 69-95 2.55
• 96-118 2.18
• Use energy density feed intake to calculate
  lysine required
• Kansas State University has developed a set of
  equations to calculate the lysinecalorie ratio
  for both barrows and gilts at any weight

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Requirements for Other Amino Acids

• Based on ratio to lysine
• ex Threonine _at_ 58 of lysine (starter)
• if lysine .90, then Threonine .52
• (.90 .58 .52)
• Set-up in a spreadsheet

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Feed Use by Phase
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Objective of the Gestation Feeding Program

• Allow optimum litter development
• Prepare sow for lactation
• Attain a targeted sow weight gain that will allow
  all sows to achieve a backfat level of 18-20 mm
  at farrowing

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Assumptions in developing feeding standards for
gestating sows

• Environmental temperature 15-20 oC
• Individually fed
• Diet contains
• 3.3 Mcal ME/kg
• 13.5 protein
• 0.55-0.6 lysine
• 0.9 calcium
• 0.75 phosphorus
• Dont use synthetic lysine in gestation diets

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Gestating Sows

• Gestation feed intake inversely affects lactation
  feed intake
• To maximize lactation feed intake and sow
  performance, gestation feed intake must be limited

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Developing feeding standards for gestating sows

• Target all sows and gilts to farrow with 18 to 20
  mm of backfat at farrowing
• Primiparous sows should be fed 2.0 kg for the
  first 72 hours after breeding
• All sows fed an additional .9 to 1.4 kg from day
  100 to 112 of gestation

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Effects of body composition at farrowing on sow
feed intake during lactation (4 wks)
Revell et al. 1998
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• Condition scoring does not accurately reflect
  backfat level of sows (R2.19)!
• In numerous trials, sows with a body condition
  score of 3.0 had a range of backfat from 10 28
  mm!

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Estimating sows feed requirements from backfat
and weight categories

• Use Renco Lean-meater to scan for backfat at last
  rib 6.3 to 8.9 cm from midline
• Move probe until highest value is found

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Gestation Feeding Program (KSU)
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Objective of the lactation feeding program

• Maximize milk production to ensure maximum litter
  growth rate
• Limit sow weight loss to ensure optimum
  postweaning reproductive performance
• Keep feed wastage and diet costs low

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Average daily feed intake (kg) during each week
of a three week lactation (11,700 sows on 30
farms)
Dial and Koketsu, 1995
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Importance of early lactation feed intake

• Difference between poor and high consuming sows
  greater () during first week of lactation
• Herd variation in reproductive performance is due
  to higher sow to sow variation in early lactation
  feed intake

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A practical feeding program for lactating sows
(Aherne, 2005)

• Minimum target 1.8 kg for the sow plus .55 kg
  for each pig in the litter
• Ex sow with 10 pigs needs to consume 7.3 kg by
  d8
• 1.8 (10 .55) 7.3 kg feed
• All cross fostering completed by day 1

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Pattern of feeding during lactation (Aherne, 2005)
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Lactation feed intake
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Lysine Requirement based on Performance
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Lactation Feeding Programs

• Lysine requirement influenced by energy intake
• At low energy levels, more lysine has no effect
• As energy increases, response to lysine increases

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Water Flow Rate Feed Intake
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Recommend .5 to 1 liter/minute for sows
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• A corn-SBM diet will support a normal lactation
  if consumed in adequate amounts
• Other factors like gestation feeding level, water
  intake, of feedings/day, drip cooling, etc. all
  play a major role in lactation feed consumption

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The major cause of feed intake differences among
farms is due to feeding management Caring,
knowledgeable, skilled and experienced
stockpersons who are given sufficient time to
treat each sow as an individual will do more to
increase sow feed intake than any other single
factor
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Nursery Strategies Diets
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SEW Transition Diets (lt 6.8 kg)
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Phase Two (6.8 11.4 kg)
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Phase Three (11.4 22.7 kg)
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Traditional Grow-Finish Feeding Programs

• Fed 1 grower diet from 20-50 kg 1 finisher diet
  from 50-100 kg
• On the average, met the pigs requirements
• Half the time about the requirement, and half the
  time below it

Pigs requirement
Diet 1
Diet 2
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Phase Feeding

• The more phases you have, the closer you are to
  the animals exact requirement
• Less time over- and under-feeding
• Changing phases is accomplished simply by
  altering the ratio of soybean meal and corn (may
  wish to alter vitamins minerals)

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Replacing 20 kg Corn with 20 kg of SBM will
reduce lysine by .5
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Changing Phases

• Common to have 3 grower diets and 4 finisher
  diets
• Points to consider
• Ability to get accurate pig weights
• Feed Budgets
• Weight variation within a barn pen
• Ability to measure feed ingredients precisely
• Ability of farm labor and feed mill to keep diets
  separate

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What is the Correct Lysine Level for a Phase?

• 1.Match your feeding program to whats listed in
  a nutrition guide
• 2. Develop your own lean growth curve
• lysinecalorie ratio
• 3. Use formula for PIC pigs between 54 118 kg
• Barrows .919 (.001539)(lbs body weight)
• Gilts 1.08 (.002154)(lbs body weight)

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Gilt
Barrow
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Split-Sex Feeding

• Gilts have a higher AA requirement than barrows
• Gilts have 5 greater lean growth potential than
  barrows (2-15 range)
• Consume less feed than barrows
  
• Start feeding differently at 36 kg

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Split-Sex Feeding

• Very simple to do
• Just sort pigs by sex at weaning but feed gilts
  barrows the same diets until 36 kg
• When move to grow-finish barn, try to segregate
  barrows to one feed line gilts to the other

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GILTS
BARROWS
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GILTS
BARROWS
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Genotypical Feeding

• Matching genetics and nutrition
• Animals will NOT exceed genetic potential no
  matter how much AA energy they are fed
• Know your actual genetics
• Combination between amount of muscle/fat how
  fast the pig grows

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Genotypical Feeding
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Environmental Feeding

• Nitrogen
• Gets into aquifers human consumption
• Synthetic AA to lower protein
• Replacing 45.5 kg of SBM with 44.1 kg of corn
  1.4 lbs of synthetic lysine will decrease
  nitrogen excretion by gt10
• If add more synthetic lysine, other AA besides
  lysine can become first limiting

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Environmental Programs

• Split sex feeding reduces N excretion by 5
• 5 Grower-Finisher diets instead of 2
• Decrease N excretion by 5-8
• Balance on available amino acids and phosphorus
• Use phytase

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How much do these pigs weigh, on the average?
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Feed Budgets

• Feed budgets are used to ensure the right amount
  of feed from each phase gets to the pigs at the
  correct time
• Feed deliveries can be tracked by the feedmill,
  and phases switched automatically
• Take out the guessing of weights

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Feed Budgets

• Assumes a constant amount of feed is needed to
  put on gain, regardless of how fast a pigs grows
• Ex if 1 pig puts on 20 kg in 30 days and another
  pig gains 20 kg in 45 days, both will consume the
  same amount of feed to put on the 20 kg gain
• Feed/Gain remains unchanged
• Diet switches are based on amount of feed
  consumed, not on guesses of pig weight

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Example Feed Budget

• How much feed will you need to budget for if you
  need to feed 600 pigs from 70-130 lbs?

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End
Start
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Example Feed Budget

• 70 lb pigs have eaten 115 lbs of feed
• 130 lb pigs have eaten 269 lbs of feed
• Therefore, in the 70-130 lb phase, each pig eats
  154 lbs of feed (269 - 115 154)

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Example Feed Budget

• Total feed required for the 600 head barn for the
  70-130 lb phase is 92,400 lbs or 42 metric tons
  (600 154 92,400)
• This is based off of a 3.0 feedgain from 50 to
  250 lbs

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Feed Intake

• Feed intake is not constant in an operation
• Varies with season
• However, there is a constant relationship between
  feed intake and gain
• consistent amount of feed required per kg of
  gain
• If we know the amount of gain, then we also know
  the amount of feed need to achieve it

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Creating a Unique Feed Budget for Your Operation

• Select 6 groups of pigs for each gender
• Weigh 3 or 4 random pens in the group to get an
  estimate of pig weight
• Track all feed deliveries to those groups

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Creating a Feed Budget

• Get weights on at least 5 different times
  throughout the growth period
• As early as late as possible
• Inventory feed in the feeders and bulk bins on
  each weigh-day so know amount of feed eaten in
  each period

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Creating a Feed Budget

• Try to take the 6 groups past the weight you
  normally market them
• Keep records on disease outbreaks type of diets
  fed per period
• Put together curve off of an Excel spreadsheet

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EXCEL Spreadsheet
B4 B3
.0042x2 1.5394x 12.899
You chose the weights so you determine the phases!
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Developing a Lean Growth Curve

• If ultrasonically scan weigh the pigs
  individually for fat thickness and loin eye area
  at each of the weigh days, can get a lean growth
  curve for your operation
• From that will get lysine levels

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4.8 mm screen
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Every 100 microns F/G increases by 1.2
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Costs Associated with Particle Size Reduction
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Conclusion

• In todays world pork market, you have to
  successfully utilize every technology available
  if youre going to survive
• The technologies discussed today will help
  accomplish that