Title: Cardiovascular System
1Cardiovascular System
- Composed of the heart (pump), blood vessels
(transportation), and the average body has 5 L of
blood. - Function is to nourish the body by transporting
nutrients oxygen to the cells removing carbon
dioxide and wastes. - The heart weighs less than a pound, less than the
size of your fist, and lies in the mediastinum
(between the lungs).
2Pathway
3Pulmonary Systemic Circulation
- Pulmonary artery only artery in body carrying low
oxygen - Pulmonary vein only vein in body carrying rich
oxygen
4Pulse Points
- 7 bold dots show where pulse (expansion
contraction of superficial arteries) can be felt
in the body - Normal pulse- 60-80 beats per minute
- Bradycardia- lt 60 beats per minute
- Tachycardia- gt 100 beats per minute
5Interior of the Heart
6Conduction system of the heart
- The heart does have nerves that can affect its
rate, but they are not responsible for its beat.
It starts beating in the embryo before nerves are
suppplied. - An electrical impulse originates in the SA node
(called the pacemaker) and continues to the AV
node and into the bundles of His.
7Valves Coronary Arteries
- As ventricles (Latin for little belly) contract,
the valves act as parachutes to swing up
prevent blood flowing back into the atria.
- Supply the blood to the myocardium. Coronary-
Latin for crown or wreath
8ltAcute Myocardial Infarction (MI)gtCoronary
Artery Bypass Graft
Veins used upside down here
Infarction with red inflamma-tion
Infarction with red inflamma-tion
- Breast, arm, or leg grafts are used
9Acute Coronary Syndromes Caused by
- A thrombus is a clot that is attached, an embolus
is a clot that circulates - Mural means wall- this causes unstable angina at
rest or with increasing frequency
10Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)
- Cardiologist places a catheter in the femoral or
radial artery, threads into the aorta, and into
the blocked coronary artery.
11PCI stents are put into placeLeft-sided cardiac
catheterization
- Stents are coated with drugs to prevent
inflamma-tion scar tissue formation
Passed retrograde
12- PTCA- procedure in which a balloon is passed
through blood vessel to where plaque has formed.
(balloon angioplasty)
13Abnormalities in the heart from birth
- Coarctation of the aorta reduces blood supply to
lower part of body.
- Patent ductus arteriosus fails to close after
birth mixing blood.
14Abnormalities of the heart from birth
- Ventricular septal defect causes blood flow
problems.
- Tetralogy of Fallot shows 4 separate defects
that produce the blue baby effect.
15Prolapsed Mitral Valve (MVP)
- Improper closure of mitral valve
- Valve enlarges and prolapses into the left atrium
during systole - Physicians hear a midsystolic click
- Advise antibiotics during dental procedures
16Rheumatic Heart Disease
PIG
- Childhood disease following streptococcal
infection
17- ltAbdominal aortic aneurysm
- Aneurysms can occur anywhere in the body
- Weakness of arterial wall pushes outward and
ruptures as it thins
18Heart Murmur
- Normal heart sound is the lub, dub, lub, dub
- The lub sound indicates closing of the mitral
tricuspid valves at the beginning of systole - The dub sound is the closure of the aortic
pulmonary valves at the end of systole
- A murmur is a additional sound that is abnormal
- Often caused by the disorders of the valves
- Can be developmental as the child ages,
disappears as an adult
19Cardiac Pacemaker
20Heart Healthy
- Use of prescribed drugs such
- aspirin-prevents platelet buildup
- beta-blockers- reduce high blood pressure
(140/90 considered high) - Ca channel blockers- relaxes muscles in vessels
- statins- lowers cholesterol levels being
naturally produced in the liver - digitalis- slows increases contractions
- nitoglycerin- dilates coronary vessels
- TPA- synthetic copy that dissolves clots
- Physicians advise to avoid risk factors such as
smoking, obesity, too much salt fat in diet,
lack of fiber in the diet, and lack of daily 30
minute exercise. - Cholesterol levels should be lt200 mg/dL.
21Defibrillation being performed on a patient
- An application of electric shock to force cardiac
muscle fibers to contract - Death will result within minutes if unsuccessful
with CPR or an AED
22Kinds of Blood Vessels
- Endothelium innermost lining of vessels that
secretes substances that help prevent clotting
and regulates tone of vessels
23Normal Varicose Veins
- Hemorrhoids- varicose veins in the rectum
- Because of slow flow in veins, clots occur as
well.
24Treatment of Varicose Veins
- Ligation stripping primary surgical procedures
- Phlebectomy- veins pulled out of tiny holes in
skin - Sclerotherapy- solution injected into destroys
over time - Laser or pulsed light- noninvasive, light causes
veins to shrink collapse
- 15 of the bodys blood returns from the legs to
the heart which has to fight gravity - Work done by elasticity of veins, muscle action,
and one-way valves in veins - Affects 80 million Americans mostly women
- Causes are heredity, obesity, pregnancy, illness,
or injury
25Phases of the heartbeat Diastole (relax)
Systole (contract)
- 10-15 ml of fluid lubricate the pericardial
cavity to insure a frictionless beat
26Heart Rate Blood Pressure
- The diastole-systole cardiac cycle occurs between
70-80 times per minute. (100,000 times a day) - A normal arterial blood pressure is 120/80
(systolic/diastolic) Depends on age
individuals. - The heart pumps about 3 ounces of blood with each
contraction. ( 5 quarts a minute, 75 gallons an
hour, 2000 gallons a day) - Heart rate increases also increase blood
pressure, decreases in heart rate decrease blood
pressure. - Measured by a sphygmomanometer.
27Arteriogram of right pulmonary arterygt
- Common iliac vein
- External iliac vein
- Femoral vein
- Popliteal vein
- ltLOWER LEFT VENO-GRAM, LIMB
28Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
- QRS wave- as ventricles contract
- T wave- relaxation of ventricles
- P wave- over atria before contraction
Normal sinus rhythm (60 100 beats per minute) of
electrical activity within the heart
Ventricular fibrillation showing rapid, random,
350 beats or more per minute
29SPECT
- Uses a radioactive tracer to produce a 3-D
computer image.
30Doppler Ultrasound
- Used to detect blockages from clots in the
vessels.
31How many can you identify?
32Compare
- ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM
- ELECTROMYOGRAM
- ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
33Composition of Blood
- The cells make up 45 of the blood and the plasma
55 of which 90 is water.
34Formation of a Clot
- A red blood cell enmeshed in treads of fibrin
trying to form a clot. Normally clots do not form
in blood vessels unless the vessel is damaged or
the flow of blood is impeded. Heparin, a natural
anticoagulant from the liver, inhibit bloodstream
clotting.
35Stem Cell Transplant
- The stem cells are mixed with an anticlotting
agent and strained to remove bits of bone fat.
They are given intravenuously via a catheter
implanted in the upper chest.
36Normal Blood Iron Deficiency Anemia
- Normal red blood cells on the left. On the right,
the erythrocytes are smaller than the nucleus of
the small lymphocyte are hypochromic.
37Types of Anemia
38Leukemia
- A. Acute myeloblastic leukemia where immature
granulocytes predominate, primarily affects
adults. - B. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia where immature
lymphocytes predominate, affects children young
adults.
39The end
- Stethoscope- Greek for to view the chest. It
means to see what is in the chest by listening to
body sounds. - Angina Pectoris- Believed by the ancients to be a
disorder of the breast and not chest pain of the
heart as it is today. - The nucleus of the red blood cell does not exist
shortly after its formation. It is the only cell
in the human body without a nucleus designed to
be replaced within 4 months. - Can you name something that is unique in your
life and measures only a millionth of an inch
across? If you would stretch it to its full
length it would extend to more than 3 feet.
(A single molecule of DNA)