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Cardiovascular System

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Function is to nourish the body by ... Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) P wave- over atria before contraction ... ELECTROCARDIOGRAM. Composition of Blood ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Cardiovascular System


1
Cardiovascular System
  • Composed of the heart (pump), blood vessels
    (transportation), and the average body has 5 L of
    blood.
  • Function is to nourish the body by transporting
    nutrients oxygen to the cells removing carbon
    dioxide and wastes.
  • The heart weighs less than a pound, less than the
    size of your fist, and lies in the mediastinum
    (between the lungs).

2
Pathway
3
Pulmonary Systemic Circulation
  • Pulmonary artery only artery in body carrying low
    oxygen
  • Pulmonary vein only vein in body carrying rich
    oxygen

4
Pulse Points
  • 7 bold dots show where pulse (expansion
    contraction of superficial arteries) can be felt
    in the body
  • Normal pulse- 60-80 beats per minute
  • Bradycardia- lt 60 beats per minute
  • Tachycardia- gt 100 beats per minute

5
Interior of the Heart
6
Conduction system of the heart
  • The heart does have nerves that can affect its
    rate, but they are not responsible for its beat.
    It starts beating in the embryo before nerves are
    suppplied.
  • An electrical impulse originates in the SA node
    (called the pacemaker) and continues to the AV
    node and into the bundles of His.

7
Valves Coronary Arteries
  • As ventricles (Latin for little belly) contract,
    the valves act as parachutes to swing up
    prevent blood flowing back into the atria.
  • Supply the blood to the myocardium. Coronary-
    Latin for crown or wreath

8
ltAcute Myocardial Infarction (MI)gtCoronary
Artery Bypass Graft

Veins used upside down here
Infarction with red inflamma-tion
Infarction with red inflamma-tion
  • Breast, arm, or leg grafts are used

9
Acute Coronary Syndromes Caused by
  • A thrombus is a clot that is attached, an embolus
    is a clot that circulates
  • Mural means wall- this causes unstable angina at
    rest or with increasing frequency

10
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)
  • Cardiologist places a catheter in the femoral or
    radial artery, threads into the aorta, and into
    the blocked coronary artery.

11
PCI stents are put into placeLeft-sided cardiac
catheterization
  • Stents are coated with drugs to prevent
    inflamma-tion scar tissue formation

Passed retrograde
12
  • PTCA- procedure in which a balloon is passed
    through blood vessel to where plaque has formed.
    (balloon angioplasty)

13
Abnormalities in the heart from birth
  • Coarctation of the aorta reduces blood supply to
    lower part of body.
  • Patent ductus arteriosus fails to close after
    birth mixing blood.

14
Abnormalities of the heart from birth
  • Ventricular septal defect causes blood flow
    problems.
  • Tetralogy of Fallot shows 4 separate defects
    that produce the blue baby effect.

15
Prolapsed Mitral Valve (MVP)
  • Improper closure of mitral valve
  • Valve enlarges and prolapses into the left atrium
    during systole
  • Physicians hear a midsystolic click
  • Advise antibiotics during dental procedures

16
Rheumatic Heart Disease
PIG
  • Childhood disease following streptococcal
    infection

17
  • gtHematoma- blood tumor
  • ltAbdominal aortic aneurysm
  • Aneurysms can occur anywhere in the body
  • Weakness of arterial wall pushes outward and
    ruptures as it thins

18
Heart Murmur
  • Normal heart sound is the lub, dub, lub, dub
  • The lub sound indicates closing of the mitral
    tricuspid valves at the beginning of systole
  • The dub sound is the closure of the aortic
    pulmonary valves at the end of systole
  • A murmur is a additional sound that is abnormal
  • Often caused by the disorders of the valves
  • Can be developmental as the child ages,
    disappears as an adult

19
Cardiac Pacemaker
20
Heart Healthy
  • Use of prescribed drugs such
  • aspirin-prevents platelet buildup
  • beta-blockers- reduce high blood pressure
    (140/90 considered high)
  • Ca channel blockers- relaxes muscles in vessels
  • statins- lowers cholesterol levels being
    naturally produced in the liver
  • digitalis- slows increases contractions
  • nitoglycerin- dilates coronary vessels
  • TPA- synthetic copy that dissolves clots
  • Physicians advise to avoid risk factors such as
    smoking, obesity, too much salt fat in diet,
    lack of fiber in the diet, and lack of daily 30
    minute exercise.
  • Cholesterol levels should be lt200 mg/dL.

21
Defibrillation being performed on a patient
  • An application of electric shock to force cardiac
    muscle fibers to contract
  • Death will result within minutes if unsuccessful
    with CPR or an AED

22
Kinds of Blood Vessels
  • Endothelium innermost lining of vessels that
    secretes substances that help prevent clotting
    and regulates tone of vessels

23
Normal Varicose Veins
  • Hemorrhoids- varicose veins in the rectum
  • Because of slow flow in veins, clots occur as
    well.

24
Treatment of Varicose Veins
  • Ligation stripping primary surgical procedures
  • Phlebectomy- veins pulled out of tiny holes in
    skin
  • Sclerotherapy- solution injected into destroys
    over time
  • Laser or pulsed light- noninvasive, light causes
    veins to shrink collapse
  • 15 of the bodys blood returns from the legs to
    the heart which has to fight gravity
  • Work done by elasticity of veins, muscle action,
    and one-way valves in veins
  • Affects 80 million Americans mostly women
  • Causes are heredity, obesity, pregnancy, illness,
    or injury

25
Phases of the heartbeat Diastole (relax)
Systole (contract)
  • 10-15 ml of fluid lubricate the pericardial
    cavity to insure a frictionless beat

26
Heart Rate Blood Pressure
  • The diastole-systole cardiac cycle occurs between
    70-80 times per minute. (100,000 times a day)
  • A normal arterial blood pressure is 120/80
    (systolic/diastolic) Depends on age
    individuals.
  • The heart pumps about 3 ounces of blood with each
    contraction. ( 5 quarts a minute, 75 gallons an
    hour, 2000 gallons a day)
  • Heart rate increases also increase blood
    pressure, decreases in heart rate decrease blood
    pressure.
  • Measured by a sphygmomanometer.

27
Arteriogram of right pulmonary arterygt
  • Common iliac vein
  • External iliac vein
  • Femoral vein
  • Popliteal vein
  • ltLOWER LEFT VENO-GRAM, LIMB

28
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
  • QRS wave- as ventricles contract
  • T wave- relaxation of ventricles
  • P wave- over atria before contraction

Normal sinus rhythm (60 100 beats per minute) of
electrical activity within the heart
Ventricular fibrillation showing rapid, random,
350 beats or more per minute
29
SPECT
  • Uses a radioactive tracer to produce a 3-D
    computer image.

30
Doppler Ultrasound
  • Used to detect blockages from clots in the
    vessels.

31
How many can you identify?
32
Compare
  • ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM
  • ELECTROMYOGRAM
  • ELECTROCARDIOGRAM

33
Composition of Blood
  • The cells make up 45 of the blood and the plasma
    55 of which 90 is water.

34
Formation of a Clot
  • A red blood cell enmeshed in treads of fibrin
    trying to form a clot. Normally clots do not form
    in blood vessels unless the vessel is damaged or
    the flow of blood is impeded. Heparin, a natural
    anticoagulant from the liver, inhibit bloodstream
    clotting.

35
Stem Cell Transplant
  • The stem cells are mixed with an anticlotting
    agent and strained to remove bits of bone fat.
    They are given intravenuously via a catheter
    implanted in the upper chest.

36
Normal Blood Iron Deficiency Anemia
  • Normal red blood cells on the left. On the right,
    the erythrocytes are smaller than the nucleus of
    the small lymphocyte are hypochromic.

37
Types of Anemia
38
Leukemia
  • A. Acute myeloblastic leukemia where immature
    granulocytes predominate, primarily affects
    adults.
  • B. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia where immature
    lymphocytes predominate, affects children young
    adults.

39
The end
  • Stethoscope- Greek for to view the chest. It
    means to see what is in the chest by listening to
    body sounds.
  • Angina Pectoris- Believed by the ancients to be a
    disorder of the breast and not chest pain of the
    heart as it is today.
  • The nucleus of the red blood cell does not exist
    shortly after its formation. It is the only cell
    in the human body without a nucleus designed to
    be replaced within 4 months.
  • Can you name something that is unique in your
    life and measures only a millionth of an inch
    across? If you would stretch it to its full
    length it would extend to more than 3 feet.
    (A single molecule of DNA)
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