FEEDLOT

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• FEEDLOT
• HEALTH

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HEALTH PROGRAMS

• Feedlots differ in their health needs
• Consultation with veterinarian is important to
  develop your own health plan

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VIRUS VS BACTERIA

• Virus
• - rely on animals own cells to produce more
  virus
• Bacteria
• - contain all the cellular functions necessary
  to reproduce without the aid of an animals cell

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VACCINES

• Administration of antigens to elicit an
  immunologic response.EXPOSURE
• Disease transmission decreases as resistance to
  disease increases

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ANTIBIOTICS

• Produced by a microorganism
• Capacity to inhibit growth or kill other
  microorganisms
• Primary Use control contain those infections
  that are related to bacteria
• Secondary Use little effect of viral infections
  but may be used to prevent secondary bacterial
  infections

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VACCINES VS ANTIBIOTICS

• Cant use antibiotics to treat
• Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD)
• B. respiratory syncitial virus (BRSV)
• B. parainfluenza 3 virus (PI3)
• You need to vaccinate! Prevention

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IMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLES

• Mounting an immune response is complicated
  TAKES TIME
• Immune response takes 3 to 10 days to kick in.
  Longer with naive calves.
• Peaks in 2 to 4 weeks.
• Timing, Timing, Timing
• BRD incubation time 7 to 10 days

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IMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLES

• For VACCINATION IMMUNIZATION, requires an
  IMMUNE RESPONSE
• IMMUNE REPONSE
• cognition
• activation
• effect

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IMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLES

• PRE-EXPOSURE IMMUNIZATION
• Giving the vaccine before stress, disease
  challenge, immunosuppression instead of after
  during
• Reduces sickness death loss
• Improves feeding performance ADG, FG, COG
• Reduces risk

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IMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLES

• PRE-EXPOSURE IMMUNIZATION
• REALISTIC EXPECTATIONS
• 1. Will rarely make disease rate zero
• 2. If disease rate is low, hard to see effect

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Vaccines - Why they fail

• Poor Timing - too little, too late
• Current disease or incubating disease
• Presence of maternal immunity in young animals
  inactivate the vaccine
• Improper handling/storage
• heat
• ultraviolet exposure

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Vaccines - Why they fail

• Route of administration
• Subcutaneous - SQ
• Intramuscular - IM
• Intranasal - IN
• Dosage
• diluting or reduced dosage
• Heavily parasitized or malnourished animals are
  immunosuppressed

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OVERVIEW OF BRD

• 31 of all cattle deaths due to BRD
• 624 million annually in the USA
• In feedlots, BRD accounts for 44-72 of mortality
• Calves that remain healthy gain 0.14 lbs/day more
  for the entire feeding period than cattle that
  develop BRD

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Midwest Feedlot Services, Inc.Morbidity and
Mortality Rates - 2002

• Dx Code Morbidity Mortality
• Respiratory 82 65
• Digestive 5 16
• Skeletal 8 3
• Reproductive 1 7
• Miscellaneous 4 9

Total pulls - 51,860 (20 of recvd.) 18 Feedlots
received 261,414 hd.
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STRESS PATHOGENS DISEASE
STRESS PATHOGENS DISEASE
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WHAT DOES A PULL LOOK LIKE?
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REASONS TO PULL

• Depression
• Anorexia Gaunt
• Weakness
• Nasal discharge
• Cough
• Increased or difficult respiration
• ADR Aint Doin Right

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DEPRESSION

• Low head set
• Ears drooping
• Continue lying down when penmates rise
• Standing alone, avoiding pen activity

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ANOREXIA

• Gaunt appearance (empty flank)
• No bowel movement after standing up.
• Sick cattle dont eat, and cattle that dont eat
  get sick

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WEAKNESS

• Knuckling
• Floppy walking
• Standing or walking Cross-legged
• Downers
• Weakness is likely due to a negative energy
  balance

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Weakness - Knuckling
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COUGH

• Coughing is a normal function and may be present
  without pathology.
• Usually indicates tracheal irritation
• - Poor air quality
• - Dust
• - Diesel fumes
• Soft moist cough is common with BRD.

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ADDITIONAL CLINICAL SIGNS TO HELP SUPPORT THE
DECISION TO PULL

• Elevated Respiratory Rate
• Difficult breathing
• Ocular discharge
• Stiff movement
• Loose feces

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ELEVATED RECTAL TEMP

• Normal 101.5 - 102.5 F.
• Infectious diseases and the resultant
  inflammation increase core body temperature.
• BRD cases usually present with temperatures of gt
  103.0 F.
• Some treatment regimens do not allow the use of
  antibiotics if the rectal temperature is lt104.0
  F.

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ELEVATED RECTAL TEMP

• Factors to consider when evaluating
• rectal temperature
• Ambient temperature and wind chill.
• Time of day - a.m. vs. p.m.
• Amount of time following feed intake
  (fermentation and metabolic heat of digestion)

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ELEVATED RECTAL TEMP

• Variation in rectal temperature.
• - An early or late pull may have
• a normal temperature.
• Q Which side of the curve are you on?
• Other factors include
• - diet
• - temperament
• - handling

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Pull?or dont pull? WHY?
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The most common reason to pull is DEPRESSION
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Tools of Clinical Assessment

• Clinical observation
• Rectal temperature
• Change in body weight
• Diagnostic procedures
• Bacterial
• Viral Isolation
• NECROPSY!!!

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The decision to Pull and Treat is often
predetermined.

• Re-assess cattle in the hospital
• - Temperature-based approach gt 104 F.
• - Clinical assessment approach -
• pull because it looked sick, return
• when looks healthy.

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OBJECTIVES OF TREATMENT

• Reduce death loss and chronic cases
• Improve performance and animal welfare
• Be cost effective
• Reduce cross contamination
• Decrease inflammation?

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Cattle That Dont Respond

• Late recognition and treatment.
• Advanced/Non treatable condition
• Extensive lung damage, abscesses
• Compromised immune system
• Infectious (BVD)
• Nutritional deficit (macro and micro)
• Non bacterial disease
• Viral agent

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Cattle That Dont Respond

• Complicating factors
• Stress
• dust
• Inaccurate evaluation criteria
• Body temp
• Evaluation too early
• Environmentally challenged
• Wrong or incomplete diagnosis

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Cattle That Dont Respond

• Improper treatment
• Wrong drug
• Wrong dose
• Wrong route
• Antibiotic not administered long enough
• Antibiotic resistance

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Cattle That Dont Respond

• Pen riders not properly trained to fulfill their
  task.
• Septicemic conditions (peracute severe bacterial
  infections) metritis.
• Repeated antimicrobial therapy - kidney damage,
  extended withdrawal times, antimicrobial
  resistance.

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Salvageable???
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Feedlot Lameness

• Diseases of the feet 70
• Upper skeleton or major muscles 15
• Septic joints 12
• Injection site lesions 3

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Feedlot Lameness

• Causes
• Toe Abscesses
• Footrot
• Swollen joints
• Broken bones
• Muscle damage
• Injection site damage

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Feedlot Lameness

• Toe Abscesses
• - sole penetration ? infection under hoof wall
• young cattle from lush pasture
• high annual rain fall
• SOFT HOOF
• easily worn down into sensitive tissues
  especially toe area

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Toe Abscesses

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Toe Abscesses

• Symptoms
• soreness short-strided
• early stages no swelling
• animals can recover at this stage
• progress lameness
• - hold foot up
• - slight swelling at top of the hoof
• Treatment
• - trim the toe relieve pressure
• - antibiotics

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Footrot
Most apparent after 2-3 weeks after soft tissue
has been penetrated Damaged caused
from dried pasture stubble frozen mud
spikes loose fence/foreign objects Diagnose
pick up foot examine soft tissue between
toes swelling in tissue (leg
swelling) smells nasty

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Footrot

Treatment - long acting sulfa boluses - long
acting tetracycline Prevention - difficult to
prevent - dont see many cases