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Cradle-to-Cradle design

• A challenge for all designers
• Ronald van Gils, MSc.
• Lecture at Donghua University,
• Shanghai, November 2007.

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Cradle to Cradle philosophy

• William McDonough, Architect

• Michael Braungart, Chemist

1995 They founded the McDonough Braungart Design
Chemistry 2002 They wrote the book Cradle to
Cradle Remaking the Way We Make Things
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Consider Products of today

• Your chair Fabric containing mutagenic
  materials, heavy metals, dangerous chemicals,
  coloured with toxic dyes
• Your polyester sweater and your PET water bottle
  contain the toxic heavy metal antimony (causing
  cancer), is in Polyester clothing and all PET
  drinking bottles
• Children toys PVC with phtlhalates (known to
  cause liver cancer), toxic dyes, lubricants,
  antioxidants, ultraviolet light stabilizers.

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Consider Products of today.....

• Your computer 1000 different materials,
  including toxic gasses, toxic metals (cadmium,
  lead, and mercury), acids, plastics, chlorinated
  and brominated substances
• Your printer printer toner dust contains nickel,
  cobalt, mercury,
• Your Shoes leather is tanned with Chromium
  (causing cancer) creating dangerous working
  conditions in the tanning factory
• Your shoe sole abrade tiny particles as we walk
  creating dust that people can inhale and pollute
  nature.

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Industry of today Cradle to Grave

• Most products today are designed for
  Cradle-to-Grave
• These products are NOT designed for human and
  ecological health, are unintelligent and
  inelegant
• valuable biological and technical materials
  become useless waste...

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Industry of today Brute Force

• The industrys approach today is the use of
  chemical brute force and fossil fuel energy
• if brute force doesnt work, youre not using
  enough of it
• while natures industry relies on energy from
  the sun, humans extract and burn fossil fuels,
  causing all possible negative side-effects
• if too hot or too cold, just add more fossil
  fuels
• The brute force approach will not be succesful
  as a strategy for the future

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Industry of today One size fits all

• For example mass-produced detergent (soap)
• Soap manufacturers produce one type detergent for
  a whole continent like USA or Europe
• ...but different water qualities and user-demands
  require different soap
• Manufacturers design products with the
  worst-case-scenario approach a strong detergent
  that always works
• a one-size-fits-all product that, for most
  purposes, is over-effective creates unneeded
  extra waste and ecological damage

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Cradle-to-Grave Downcycling

• Ford motor company to make a new car of 1300 kg
  you need 20000 kg of raw material

...to make a 1300 kg car
20000 kg Raw material....
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Cradle-to-Grave Downcycling

• after its useful life the car ends up on a
  landfill. Recycled materials are used to make
  less quality products this is down-cycling

waste
...down cycling
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Eco-efficiency is Not Good Enough

• Until now, industry is trying to be
  Eco-efficient reduce, avoid, minimize,
  sustain, limit, halt unwanted processes
• Eco-efficiency - be less bad- is not good
  enough, it will only slow down the destruction by
  industry
• Eco-efficient is making industry only less
  destructive
• Recycling down-cycling

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A new way of making products

• Is this what you as consumer want? Do you want
  the toxic additives in the colourful children
  toys? Do you want your leather shoes tanned with
  chromium, causing cancer at workers of the
  leather tanning factory?
• Is this sensible? Is it necessary?
• Some materials are essential for manufacturing
• But in most cases most toxic additives can be
  avoid by intelligent design and manufacturing
• It is the challenge for all designers and
  manufacturers creating products that are save
  for all humans and do not damage the natural world

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Cradle-to-Cradle design

• Cradle to cradle design moves beyond the "less
  bad" aims of eco-efficiency towards a new
  strategy of eco-effectiveness, modeled on
  nature's "design principles"
• Waste equals food,
• Use current solar income,
• Celebrate diversity

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Consider Ecology, Equity and Economy

• ECOLOGY is the product or service healthy for
  humans and nature? does waste equals food? do we
  use renewable energy based on solar income?
• EQUITY social context, does it respect people
  and nature in a fair way during manufacturing and
  use? How does it going to affect future
  generations health?
• ECONOMY is it profitable? Profit is the key for
  all succesful business - to make profit is the
  engine for change

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From Eco-efficiency to Eco-effectiveness

• Can we be 100 good?
• Consider the Cherry Tree

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consider a community of ants

• safely and effectively handle their own material
  wastes and those of other species
• grow and harvest their own food while nurturing
  the ecosystem of which they are a part
• construct houses, farms, dumps, cemeteries,
  living quarters, and food-storage facilities from
  materials that can be truly recycled
• create disinfectants and medicines that are
  healthy, save and biodegradable
• maintain soil health for the entire planet

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The new design assignment

• buildings that, like trees, produce more energy
  than they consume and purify their own waste
  water
• factories that produce effluents that are
  drinking water
• products that, when their useful life is over, do
  not become useless waste but can be tossed onto
  ground to decompose and become food for plants
  and animals and nutrients for soil
• or, that can return to industrial cycles to
  supply high quality raw materials for new
  products
• transportation that improves the quality of life
  while delivering goods and services
• a world of abundance, not one of limits,
  pollution, and waste.

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Waste equals Food

• before industrialization only biological wastes
• Today we make monstrous Hybrids
• example a Shoe leather tanned with chromium,
  sole of plastics with lead.
• Biological and technical materials can not be
  seperated.
• After use its valuable materials, both biological
  and technical, are lost in a landfill

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Waste equals Food

• to eliminate the concept of waste means to design
  things - products, packaging, and systems from
  the very beginning on the understanding that
  waste does not exist.
• compose products of materials that bio-degrade
  and become food for biological cycles, or of
  technical materials that stay in closed-loop
  technical cycles, in which they continually
  circulate as valuable nutrients for industry
• care must be taken to avoid contamination of
  the biological with the technical material
• imagine a world were packaging materials is
  food for the soil

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Biological and Technical Nutrients
Bio-degradable materials
Decompose Food for nature
Technical materials, free from toxic chemicals
Up-cycle nutrient for new product
design for dis-assembling, no chemical additives,
no glues
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Make clean technical nutrients

• The material Antimony is a heavy metal, known
  to cause cancer. Products like PET bottles and a
  polyester shirt contain antimony.
• The toxic antimony remains in the material when
  recycled, and comes into the atmosphere when it
  is burned as waste...
• The antimony is used as a catalyst in the
  chemical polymerization process and it is NOT
  necessary for polyester production
• Not using antimony will create a clean
  polyester that is a pure technical nutrient that
  can be safely up-cycled into new products. If
  burned as waste, no toxics will enter the air.

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Unmarketables the X-list

• some materials do not fit in either the organic
  of technical metabolism because they contain
  harzardous, toxic substances
• examples are nucluar waste, PVC, PET with
  antimony content
• The X-list harmful in direct and obvious ways to
  human and ecological health
• carcinogens like asbestos, benzene, vinyl
  chloride, antimony trioxide, chromium and so
  forth....

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Gray-list

• Gray-list problematic substances that are
  essential for manufacturing processes, and for
  which we currently have no viable substitutes
• example cadmium is highly toxic, but essential
  in production of solar collectors. The producer
  should feel responsible to retain this technical
  nutrient after the product live has ended.

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Waste equals food technical nutrients

• The Positive list (P-list) substances actively
  defined as healthy for human and nature and safe
  for use
• no toxicity to human or nature
• biodegradability
• no ozone-layer depletion
• no by-products that have the same negative effects

• The X-list harmful in direct and obvious ways to
  human and ecological health
• Gray-list problematic substances that are
  essential for manufacturing processes, and for
  which we currently have no viable substitutes
• example cadmium is highly toxic, but essential
  in production of solar collectors. The producer
  should feel responsible to retain this technical
  nutrient after the product live has ended.

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Cradle-to-Cradle design in practice

• Nike company USA. Goal elimate the concept of
  waste, in 20 year no more waste
• Recollection of old shoes for recycling. From
  downcycling, to upcycling!
• Cradle-to-cradle designed products
• Cradle-to-cradle designed offices and factory
  buildings

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Cradle-to-Cradle design in practice

• Nike Considered shoes intelligent designed for
  cradle-to-cradle
• No toxic additives, no glues, no foam, use of
  recycled materials
• intelligent design with the Power of Geometry
  for strenght and comfort
• design for disassembly for easy separation of
  biological and technical nutrients after product
  life

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Cradle-to-Cradle design in practice

• Rohner Textiles, Switserland
• They succeeded in developing 100 biodegradable
  textile and colour substances waste equals food
• at lot of positive side-effects 100 clean
  drinking water comes out of the factory
• factory workers dot not need chemical protection
  clothing and masks any longer

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Cradle-to-Cradle design in practice

• Ford Motor Company USA Rouge Factory Plant

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Cradle-to-Cradle design in practice
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Cradle-to-Cradle design in practice

• Ford U-Model
• bio-degradable materials that can be decomposed
  will be food for soil and technical materials
  will be upcycled with no quality-loss
• 100 Hydrogine engine, zero emissions

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Cradle-to-Cradle design in practice

• Herman Miller Office Furniture, USA
• Green House factory building respects the
  people that work in it
• Lots of sun light, fresh air, windows with view
  to nature

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Cradle-to-Cradle design in practice

• Herman Miller Product Design and Manufacturing
• Design for disassembly, materials can be
  up-cycled after use
• No toxic technical nutrients (X-list)

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Cradle to Cradle in China

• In September 2002, the Joint Board of Councilors
  for the China-US Center for Sustainable
  Development prioritized the development of a
  sustainable village based on cradle to cradle
  design principles as a scalable model for the
  revitalization of China's rural communities.

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Cradle to Cradle in China

• Buildings will be primarily constructed of
  locally sourced, rapidly renewable materials that
  can be safely returned to the ecosystem as
  "biological nutrients"or of man-made materials
  designed to be safely reused for the construction
  of new buildings in the future as "technical
  nutrients"
• Materials will be used in cradle to cradle
  cycles and the village will be powered by
  renewable energy.

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Cradle to Cradle in China
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Cradle to Cradle in China Green Port

• Development of a masterplan and implementation
  strategy for an highly sophisticated Agro Park on
  Dongtan, the east head of Chongming Dao near
  Shanghai, China.
• The agropark is set within the constellation of
  the first ecopolis of China, a major wetland and
  nature area with grand leisure facilities and the
  agropark is based on principles of closed cycles
  in the flows of energy, CO2, nutrients, water and
  wastes.

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