Overview of Socialization

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Overview of Socialization
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Socialization

• the process by which we learn the ways of a given
  society or social group
• so that we can function within it

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Norms

• The normative system of a social group is based
  on cultural values,
• which are justified by moral standards,
  reasoning, or aesthetic judgement

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Two Views of Socialization

• society imposes its norms and values on newcomers

• individuals making decisions about courses of
  action that furthers their aims

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Socialization

• begins with the assumption of an ongoing
  preexisting society

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Two Conceptionalizations

• the first stresses internalization of social norms

• while the second stresses fulfilling of role
  expectations of others.

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Goethe said

• Only in man does man know himself, life alone
  teaches each one who he is

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Freud and the Internalization of Social Norms

• a whole climate of opinion

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Freud can be misread to appear unscientific.

• the strong poet, the maker, as humanities hero
  

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People think and act the way they do largely
because of formed unconscious structures.
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The conscious and unconscious are not possible
without society or each other.
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Freud constructs the metaphor of id, ego and
superego.
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ORAL STAGE

• The first pleasurable contact the child has with
  humanity is through the mouth

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ANAL STAGE

• the period of toilet training
• and may begin between age six months, as in
  England and Germany, to
• Two years or later, as is common in the United
  States

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Phallic or Oedipal Phase

• the child becomes aware of its own genitals
• and the pleasures of masturbation.

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Latency

• From ages six through twelve when
• socialization of the child is relegated to
  others outside the family in our Western culture

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Adolescence

• In puberty, unfinished oedipal business is to be
  resolved.
• Infantile sexual life is transformed into its
  definite normal form.

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Adulthood.

• The development and control of libido progresses
  through the above universal stages of development
  until the individual reaches the last stage
  identified by Freud as Adulthood.

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Erik Erikson and the Eight Stages of Man
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societies create the only condition under which
human growth is possible
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Erikson attempted a unified analysis of
socialization throughout the life cycle from
birth to death
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1. Basic Trust vs. Basic Mistrust.

• The first demonstrations of social trust are the
  infants ease of feeding, depth of sleep, and
  relaxation of bowels.

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2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

• Muscular maturation sets the stage for holding on
  and letting go.

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3. Initiative vs. Guilt

• This stage sees the development of feelings of
  validity of purpose

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4. Industry vs. Inferiority

• The child develops the ability to work at tasks
  both individually and with others

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5. Identity vs. Role Confusion

• The growing adolescent faces a physiological and
  psychological revolution within himself.

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6. Intimacy vs. Isolation

• Capacity to commit himself to concrete
  affiliations and partnerships
• Ethical strength to abide by such commitments

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7. Generativity vs. Stagnation

• Psychological capacity to experience parenthood
  as a satisfying social role

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8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair

• Confront the kind of life the person has lived

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Symbolic Interaction

• an active and creative view of the self.

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Symbolic Interaction

• Mead emphasized the emergence of human
  rationality and creativity within the
  socialization process

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Mead divided the self

• into the passive me and the active I.

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Meads Stages

• Play
• Game
• Generalized Other

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The key feature in Meads analysis is that the
human being has a self

• can be the object of his/her own actions

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social control is, fundamentally and
necessarily a matter of self-control
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Jean Piaget and Cognitive Developmental Theory
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Piaget

• the biological individual might be described as a
  genotype,
• the individual in society would then be termed an
  epigenotype

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Piaget

• postulated two successive stages of socialization

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Heteronomous Morality

• morality and duty are fixed and immutable

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Autonomous Morality

• A transition stage
• child changes its orientation from having an
  identity solely attached to parent