Current Debates Faces of Globalists

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Current Debates Faces of Globalists

• September 7
• PSC 300.301
• Fall 2005

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Class Today

• Review responses from last lecture
• Discuss the book
• Faces of Globalists globalization as a contested
  concept
• current debates
• Definition
• History
• Measurement
• Social changes
• Normative concerns
• Policy choices
• Discussion Questions

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Review of the Readings

• What did you think about the readings?
• Most interesting things?
• Did you not like?
• How do they compare?
• Different starting points
• What did you think globalization meant when you
  took the class
• Eg from How has it been presented in other
  classes?
• Newspaper articles
• What new thing did you learn about globalization
  from these readings?

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Globalization as a Concept

• Contested
• Definition
• Measurement
• Chronology
• Social Changes
• Normative judgment
• Policy
• What is a contested concept?

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contested definition

• Some common definitions
• Internationalization
• Increased movements of people, messages and ideas
• Effect no effect on state activity
• Framework demography geography
• Liberalization
• deregulation at state level
• Roots in interdependence and growth of
  international exchange
• Interdependence Transnationalism ? regime
  theories
• Keohane and others led to rise of Neoliberalism
  as a theory
• Effect state less powerful domestically regimes
• Framework economic (neoliberals)

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• Westernization/modernization
• Americanization
• Benjamin Barber McDonaldization
• Traditional cultures are destroyed
• Effect state main actor, but transformation
  through civil society institutions
• Framework sociological/cultural/anthropological
• Universalization
• Transfer of experiences and objects, eg,
  education?
• Differs from westernization in terms of cultural
  penetration
• Effect State role has not changed
• Framework Cultural (anthropological)

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• Neo-imperialism
• Re-colonization via
• Localization
• Supra-nationalism
• Effect Reform through bypassing the state
• Framework Political (Marxist))
• Hybridization
• New identities
• Overlapping forms of organization at the
  interstices
• Effect Creates new political actors that
  influence the state
• Framework organizational/spatial (postmodern)

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• Deterritorialization (supraterritoriality)
• Reconfiguration of territorial boundaries
• As a process an evolving process
• Social space not based on territorial boundary,
  place or borders.
• Effect transformation of spatial organization,
  social relations and social transactions
• Framework Geography (critical theorist)
• Key Q Effects on the state
• In what ways does it affect state sovereignty?
• How does this in turn reverberate on interstate
  relations?
• Effects on actors, structure, institutions,
  social relations

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contested measures (scale/scope)

• Proponents versus opponents
• Proponents (acknowledge its happened)
• Positive borderless world
• Negative recolonization, neoimperialism
• Opponents (disagree that its happened)
• No change - sovereignty thrives
• No change effects more intense
• In-betweens
• Reformists
• some change
• In tandem with other developments governance,
• Uneven globalization regions, age, gender,
  classes

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contested history

• New, old or cyclical
• Old - similar to past trends (internationalization
  )
• recurrent critical junctures (liberalization)
• Contemporary first global revolution
• Linear or cyclical
• 40,000 years ago (language development)
• Early 15th century then
• mid-18th century
• Late 19th century
• New (Scholte)
• Supraterritoriality/deterritorialization
  inexistent

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Contested social changes

• Change in social relations production,
  governance, culture and modernization
• Production relations changed or not
• Capitalism continues
• Manufactures still central
• Super profits continue
• Change in
• Economic activity products
• peasantry (agriculture)
• industry (manufactures)
• knowledge (information)
• Capitalism (surplus profits)
• In late capitalism (near the end)
• Shifted to post capitalism (
• Deterritorialization hypercapitalism
  capitalism more entrenched structures of how it
  happens have changed how we produce, organize
  etc.

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• Governance (state power and institutions)
• State sovereignty changed
• Diminished state (African states)
• US/Japan/China relations
• State still sovereign
• As regulator
• Able to extricate from global relations
• Transformed Westphalian sovereignty (Scholte)
• Multi-layered governance (EU)
• Substate governance
• Suprastate governance
• New multilateralism
• IOs with relative autonomy to state
• MNCs and TNOs involved in regulatory processes
• State form and functions altered
• Competition state
• Conclusion state survives, governance is
  different

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• Culture
• Homogenized relations
• Americanization
• Consumerism
• Heterogenized relations
• Fragmentation (ethno-nationalisms)
• Glocalization (adaptation to local situation)
• Transnational identities
• Intensified relations (Scholte)
• Hybridization of identities, meaning and
  community
• Modernity (industrial society)
• Modernity ? globalization? modernity?
• Entrenched what exists (rationalism,
  bureaucratism, capitalism, etc
• Reflexive modernity from industrial to risk
  (securities) society
• Post modernity
• Beyond rationalist and nation state based
  politics

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The Lexus and The Olive Tree

• Meaning of this symbol? (p31)
• The olive tree
• The Lexus
• Material betterment versus our identity (p34)
• Interactions between economic and cultural
  factors in moments of social instability/turbulenc
  e

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• The responses
• Backlash (olive backlash)
• Healthy balance (the Kayapo in the Amazon)
• Struggle between the Lexus and Olive Tree
• Lexus exploited by the olive tree
• Olive tree exploits the Lexus
• Olive trumps Lexus Lexus trumps the Olive
  (Moodys and Standard Poors)

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• The Westphalian State of 1600s
• Fear of change?
• What survived from the preceding era?
• And the political organizations before then?
• What does this tell us about the future?
• Experience of the European Union now?

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contested normatively

• Globalization
• Emancipatory (enhances social values)
• Undermines
• Examples
• Security
• Equity
• democracy

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• Security
• Emancipatory
• New forms of security
• Human health
• ecological awareness and conventions
• economic emerging economies
• Warfare unthinkable
• Undermines security
• New forms of insecurity
• social insecurity (SAPs), financial insecurity,
  Intl division of labor
• Vast ecological disasters
• New warfare techno-war, media war, new
  terrorism, cybercrime,

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• Equity
• Inequitable relations
• Between countries
• Deepened socio-economic disparities
• Undermined state as promoter of social justice
  (distributive keynesian economics)
• Promoted gendered injustice division of labor
  (EPZs)
• Peripheries vs metropoles
• Emancipation
• All better off eventually (trickle down)
• More women employed
• IGO TNOs contribution to development

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• Democracy
• Enhanced
• Participation in politics
• Free and fair elections
• Access to information (Public information acts)
• liberal democracy
• Antithetical to democracy
• Low-intensity democracy and Polyarchy
• Privatized prejudices thru Internet voting
• Inadequacy of democracy
• MNCs and IOs undermine democracy
• Intrusive surveillance
• But positively reform democracy ? devolution and
  subsidiarity

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contested policy role

• Neoliberals
• reject statist economic management
• Market forces to play removal of tariffs,
  privatization
• Governments only facilitate
• Critiques
• no focus on freeing labor
• state required sometimes for pill to be
  swallowed
• benefits the powerful
• markets fail

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• Reformists (social democracy)
• Guided capitalism
• Regulate
• State to correct market failures tame corporate
  power
• Supra-state to manage global capitalism
• Global institutions work to protect the
  vulnerable
• Critiques
• Maintaining balance a challenge
• Radicalists (two kinds)
• Traditionalists De-globalize stop reverse
• Postmodernists Revolutionary transformation

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• Traditionalists return to the pre-global past
• Economic nationalism (delinking)
• Religious revivalism (fundamentalism, modern
  alternatives)
• Radical environmentalism (self sufficiency)
• Postmodernists advance globalization on a
  different path
• postcapitalist society (global labor and women
  movements)
• Relativism (identity, knowledge, culture)
• Critiques
• have limited followers
• Not taken root in the leadership

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• Scholte
• Ambitious reformism A mix of
• Reformism (the bulk of it) a touch of
• Neoliberalism (avoid harms)
• Radicalism
• redistribution,
• identity and knowledge politics progressivism)

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Conclusion

• Questions
• Recap Depends on the perspective you take and
  were you see the change
• Contested concept
• Contested along six dimensions
• Definition
• Measurement
• History
• Social changes
• Normatively
• Policy responses
• Relationship between reading and semesters work
• Question How useful is Friedmans 6-D framework
  compared to these other perspectives?