Motivation

1
Motivation Emotion

• Chapter 11

2
Motivation

• Defined
• Process that initiates, directs, and sustains
  behavior to satisfy physiological or
  psychological needs or wants
• Key Terms
• motive
• incentive
• External versus Internal motivation

3
Theories of Motivation

• Instinct Theory
• Drive-Reduction Theory
• Living organisms meet biological needs to survive
• These needs facilitate internal tension or
  arousal call a drive
• Organisms are motivated to reduce tension or
  satisfy need
• Drive is created to restore physiological balance
• Homeostasis

4
Theories of Motivation

• Why do people go out of their way to create
  tension?
• Arousal Theory
• Aim of motivation is maintain optimal level of
  arousal
• Arousal
• We increase or decrease arousal to maintain
  optimal level
• Seek stimulus motives (i.e., curiosity,
  exploration, play)

5
Theories of Motivation

• Arousal Theory
• Yerkes-Dodson Law
• Explains link between performance and arousal
• Performance is best when arousal level is
  appropriate to task
• Want optimal level of arousal

6
Primary Drives

• Primary Drive
• State of tension or arousal arising from
  biological need
• Hunger Thirst
• Thirst
• Can survive only 4-5 days without liquids
• Hunger
• Internal cues

7
Primary Drives

• Hunger
• External Cues
• Body Weight Variability
• Genetic factors
• Environmental conditions and lifestyle
  characteristics
• Metabolic Rate
• Fat-Cell Theory
• Fatness is related to number of fat cells
• Normal weight
• Twice normal weight
• Set-Point Theory
• Weight the body normally maintains
• When weight falls below normal
• When weight falls above normal

8
Social Motives

• Social motives
• Motive acquired through experience and social
  interaction
• Three Social Motives
• Need for achievement (n Ach)
• Need to accomplish something difficult and
  perform at high level
• Characteristics of high achievers
• Characteristics of low achievers

9
Social Motives

• Fear of success
• People sometimes conceal their abilities and
  lower their performance
• Work motivation
• Conditions or processes responsible for the
  arousal, direction, and amount of effort put into
  ones job
• Increasing employee motivation and performance
• Reinforcement
• Goal setting

10
Emotion

• Defined
• Feeling state involving physiological arousal, a
  cognitive appraisal of the situation arousing the
  state, and an outward expression of the state
• Three components

11
Emotion

• Theories of emotion
• James-Lange Theory (1884)
• Emotional feelings result when we become aware of
  a physiological response to a stimulus
• Cannon-Bard Theory (1927, 1934)
• Senses received emotion-provoking stimuli
• Signal is relayed to cerebral cortex which
  provides a mental experience of the emotion

12
Emotion

• Schachter-Singer Theory
• For an emotion to occur there must be
• Lazarus Theory
• Emotion-provoking stimulus triggers a cognitive
  appraisal

13
Emotion

• Expression of Emotion
• Basic emotions
• Fear
• Anger
• Disgust
• Surprise
• Happiness
• Distress

14
Emotion

• Development of Emotion
• Newborns express distress, pleasure, and interest
  in environment
• By 3 months infants express happiness and sadness
• By 3.5-4 months infants laugh
• 4-6 months anger and surprise appear
• 7 months infants show fear
• 18-3 years children show empathy, envy,
  embarrassment, shame, and guilt
• Basic emotions are universal

15
Emotion

• Experiencing Emotion
• Facial-feedback hypothesis