Emotions Defined II

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Emotions Defined II

• Class 5

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Emotions Reader Page Numbers I'm working on it---
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Facial Expression of Emotion Duchene Smile
Duchene Smile Genuine, real, non-fake smile.
Which is the Duchene (genuine) smile, A or B?
A
B
Fake smile
Duchene smile
Fake Zygomatic (mouth) muscles only Duchene
Zygomatic (mouth) orbicularis oculi (eyes)
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What comes first, thinking or feeling?
Appraisal Theory Thinking comes first Example
Wake in panic, its 830, you have a 900 AM
class, then you realizeits Saturday. New
thought (Saturday) new emotion? Separate
Systems Theory Emotions can come first Example
Your cousin says her new husband is great,
she's so happy. He's so funny and silly
especially after 4-5 whiskey and waters. You hang
up, no problem. Then you feel unease. Why?
Relief
How many whiskeys?
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Thinking First vs. Feeling First tied
to General Arousal vs. Specific Emotion
James Every emotion tied to distinct body
state, Cannon-Bard Central Nervous System
model of emotions. Emotions produced by brain,
not body. Same body change (high vs. low arousal)
for all emotions. Brain "labels" arousal as
different emotions.
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Schachter Singer Theory of Emotion
Emotion is arousal cognition Fits generally
with Cannon-Bard Central Systems Theory Emotion
only occurs if a. Body is aroused b. A
reason for arousal is located c. The labeling
of arousal determines emotion d. Arousal w/o
cognition leads to no emotion
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Schachter and Singer Model of Emotions
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Schachter Singer Experiment (1962)

• Subject told study concerns effect of new vitamin
• Given an injection
• Epinephrine (epi) or Placebo (saline)
• Told that shot is arousing (informed) or not told
  (uninformed)

• Told to wait in room, fill out survey
• Also in room is confederate (poses as another
  subject)
• a. Confed either very happy or very angry
• 5. Question What emotion will the subject
  feel?

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Results of Schachter Singer

Confederates Behavior Happy Angry
Neutral
Subjects state Epi, uninformed Epi,
informed Placebo, uninformed Placebo,
informed
Happy
Angry
Afraid
Neutral
Neutral
Neutral
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Separate Systems Approach to Emotions
a. Affective reactions are primary  b. Affect
is basic  c. Affect is inescapable  d.
Affective reactions tend to be irrevocable, in
contrast to cognitive judgments  e. Affect
implicates the self cognitive judgments center
on features of objects.  f. Emotions are not
always verbalizable  g. Affective reactions
don't always depend on thinking  h. Affective
reactions can be separated from content knowledge
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"Circumstantial" Evidence for Separate Systems
Theory of Emotions
1. Physiological a. Hemisphere Specificity
Emotional expressions flashed to R hemi.
recalled better than to L hemi. b. Amygdala --
direct link to sensorium, bypasses cortex 2.
Developmental Infants "know" emotions from
birth. 3. Cross cultural All cultures "know"
same emotions. 4. Evolutionary Emotion system
existed long before neo-cortex
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Zajonc Mere Exposure Experiment
Purpose To show emotional memory independent
of cognitive memory Logic We like things
were familiar with. Method Subjects see many
cards showing a Chinese character. Some cards
shown repeatedly, others shown only once. After
viewing many cards, subjects asked a.
Which cards did were shown repeatedly? b.
Which cards they like the most. Outcome
Subjects cant recall which cards saw most, BUT
Cards they like most were these cards.
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Mere Exposure Study Main Point
Things seen repeatedly are safe. We like safe
things. Liking becomes an emotional memory for
repeated exposure. Even when conscious memory
fails us. Preferences (liking/not liking) need
no inferences (conscious judgments and
evaluations).
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Role of Body in Emotion, and Thinking 1st vs.
Feeling 1st Debate
If emotions can, sometimes, come first, then
emotions should show up in bodily arousal. Also,
if emotions come first, each emotion should be
distinct, rather than general arousal shaped by
thinking. Therefore, locating emotions in body
would support Separate Systems approach.
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Jamess Peripheral Theory of Emotion

• 1. Emotions are, literally, feelings.
• 2. Every emotion accompanied by corresponding
  change in bodily sensation. 
• Emotions are the sensation of what is going on in
  the body, arise from the body. 
• Therefore, each emotion is physiologically
  distinct.
• Contrast to Cannon-Bard theory emotions arise
  in brain, not body. All emotions are basically
  arousal cognition.

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Testing James Peripheral Theory
If emotions require sensation from the body,
what group of people might show reduced emotions?
Spinal cord injured. Less feeling in body,
therefore (per James) less emotion.
Hohmann (1966) Spinal cord injured (SCI) report
less sexual arousal, less fear, less
anger. Bermond (1991) No general loss of
emotion.
Memory-based research age injury ? emotional
numbing
Research problems?
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Robt. Zajonc Blood-flow Theory
a. Changing bodily state ? change in emotion b.
Face is primary source of emotional change
Umlaut study Pencil-in-mouth study
Face-pose study and picture judgments
(Larson, et al, 1992)
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Ekman's Facial Action Coding System (FACS) and
Emotion Generation
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Ekman, et al. Facial Poses and Emotional
Arousal
Facial Pose Heart Rate Galvanic
Skin Response Happy Low XXXX Disgust L
ow XXXX Surprise Low XXXX Sadness High Low
Anger High High Fear High High
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So, Are Emotions Distinct?
Cacioppo et al. (1993) conduct a major review of
many studies on emotion and bodily change. Jury
is still out, results too conflicted. Example
10 comparisons of happiness and anger, 5 show
differences, 5 do not.
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Separate Systems Hypothesis Lang, 1985
  1. Cognitive/verbal   2. Body/physiological
  3. Behavioral/expressive
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Modes of Emotional Experience Unified or
Independent?
Unified model Cognitive and Physiological and
Expressive aspects of emotions must
co-occur   Independent model Cognitive or
Physiological or Expressive aspects can occur in
any combination
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Possible Combinations of Emotional Features as
Independent
Awareness Y Y Y Y N N N Expression Y Y N N Y N Y
Bodily Y N N Y Y Y N Arousal
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Emotions and the Human Dilemma
We know enough to know we dont know enough.  
We need to act in order to survive  Acting
requires making choices  Best choices based on
complete information  We rarely have complete
information  Yet we must chose anyway Emotions 1
. Help us set priorities 2. Give us cues to
action when we lack vital information
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Emotions as Orienting Device The Phineas Gage
Story
Gage a railroad foreman Blasts out prefrontal
lobes with tamping tool Survives injury,
but Behavior radically changed Cant plan
Impulsive, short tempered, terrible social
judgment Other studies of frontal lobe damage
show same pattern emotional blunting poor
planning obsess on details
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Prefrontal Damage Sustained by Phineas Gage
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Thinking and Emotions
Emotions shift direction of thought Mental
radar (Herbert Simon, 1967). Emotions are
thought-interrupters   Emotions focus attention
on emotion-relevant things   Emotions focus
attention on un-solved problems   BUT Emotions
can also be changed by changes in thinking (in
line with Appraisal Theory).