THE PRESIDENCY AND

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THE PRESIDENCY AND

• THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH

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• THE CONSTITUTIONAL PRESIDENCY
• QUALIFICATIONS
• Natural born citizen
• Lived in the U.S. for at least 14 years
• 35 years old

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• POWERS AND DUTIES
• Article II section 1 EXECUTIVE administer
  the decisions made by the legislature
• Commander in Chief of the armed services- keep
  military in control by a civilian.
• Ambition must be made to counteract ambition.

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• The Joint Chiefs of Staff consist of the
  Chairman, the Vice Chairman, the Chief of Staff
  of the Army, the Chief of Naval Operations, the
  Chief of Staff of the Air Force, and the
  Commandant of the Marine Corp. Responsibilities
  as members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff take
  precedence over duties as the Chiefs of Military
  Services. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
  Staff is the principal military adviser to the
  President, Secretary of Defense, and the National
  Security Council.

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• Makes treaties with foreign nations with the
  advise and consent of the Senate
• 2/3rd of the Senate must approve a treaty.

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• Treaties are referred to the Committee on Foreign
  Relations. Nominations are referred to one of the
  various committees of the Senate usually this is
  the committee that handled the legislation
  creating the position. When committees report
  treaties or nominations to the Senate, they are
  placed on the Executive Calendar, as distinct
  from the Calendar of Business, on which
  legislation is placed. These two calendars are
  printed separately.

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• The scope of the Senate's authority to confirm
  Presidential nominations is vast. It includes
  officers of the Government--specifically,
  ambassadors, other public ministers and counsels,
  justices of the Supreme Court, all other officers
  of the United States as set forth in the
  Constitution, and such officers as Congress by
  law may designate.

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• The President may veto legislative bill.
• Congress may override the veto by a 2/3rd vote
• Pocket veto President does not sign the bill
  within ten days and Congress has adjourned within
  that time.

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• The Changing Veto Power
• The line Item Veto Act of 1996 gave the president
  the authority to cancel individual sections of
  appropriations bills he has signed into law. (2/3
  to override)
• Clinton v. NY Supreme Court granted standing
  and declared Act unconstitutional.

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Presidential VETOES

• Regular Pocket Total Overridden
• 1,465 1,067 2,532 105

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• War Powers Act
• Passed in 1973 over a Presidential Veto
• 48 hours report in writing to Congress
• 60 days declaration of war

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• THE EVOLUTIONARY PRESIDENT
• Informal influences have shaped the presidency.
• Jackson veto
• Lincoln commander in chief
• FDR New Deal

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• Presidential Character

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• ABRAHAM LINCOLN
• "Character is like a tree and reputation like its
  shadow. The shadow is what we think of it the
  tree is the real thing.
• "I desire so to conduct the affairs of this
  administration that if at the end, when I come to
  lay down the reins of power, I have lost every
  other friend on earth, I shall at least have one
  friend left, and that friend shall be down inside
  me."

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• DWIGHT EISENHOWER (1890-1969)
• The qualities of a great man are "vision,
  integrity, courage, understanding, the power of
  articulation, and profundity of character."

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• "We know what George Bush says in public, but we
  don't know what he says in private. Until the
  president's private letters and classified
  documents are released many years from now -- and
  until we know the outcome of his war on terrorism
  -- it is hard to say whether Bush's actions
  reflect a leader of great character. "What we
  need is hindsight." residents often look
  different 20 or 30 years later, because when you
  wait that period of time you know what was
  important and what was not. You know how the
  story turned out.

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• Active vs. Passive inclinations
• Positive vs. Negative Points of View
• FDR Positive and Active
• Richard Nixon Negative and Active
• Ford Positive, Passive

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• SCHLESINGER POLLS 1948 1962
• Great Presidents 1948 1962
• Lincoln Lincoln
• Washington Washington
• FDR FDR
• Wilson
  Wilson
• Jefferson
  Jefferson

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• The President as Morale Builder
• People turn to their presidents for meaning,
  healing, assurance, and a sense of purpose.
• The American President resembles a commander of
  a ship at sea. He must have a helm to grasp, a
  course to steer, a port to seek.
• Henry Adams

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• Responsibility of Setting Priorities
• Constitution provides basis for setting
  priorities.
• He is expected to make policy proposals in many
  areas.
• Initiate foreign policy
• Economic Goals
• Programs that improve the quality of life of
  citizens

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• THE POWER OF PERSUASION
• Because formal powers are limited he must spend
  time persuading people.

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• THREE AUDIENCES
• Fellow politicians and leaders in Washington
• Party activists
• Public

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• EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE
• Presidential privilege of confidentiality.
• Separation of Powers
• Presidents and advisers need private discussion

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• United States v. Nixon
• No absolute unqualified Presidential privilege of
  immunity from judicial process

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• The second development in the use of executive
  privilege became known as the candid interchange
  doctrine. In an attempt to shield the executive
  branch from the bullying investigative tactics of
  Senator Joseph R. McCarthy, President Dwight D.
  Eisenhower directed that executive privilege be
  applied to all communications and conversations
  between executive branch employees without the
  assurance of confidentiality, he claimed, they
  could not be completely candid. This doctrine
  marked a tremendous change in the scope of
  executive privilege, extending it from the
  president and the president's top advisers to the
  myriad offices and agencies that make up the
  executive branch.

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• KWAME HOLMAN Over the past few weeks the
  National Archives in Washington has released 204
  of the more than 3500 hours of tapes secretly
  recorded by President Nixon in the White House
  Oval Office. Those tapes provided an insight to
  the President during some of his most troubling
  times. The tapes included a September 1971
  conversation Nixon had with his chief of staff,
  H.R. Haldeman, in which he orders that the IRS
  investigate big Jewish contributors to the
  Democratic Party.

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• NIXON "Please get the names of the Jews. You
  know, the big Jewish contributors to the
  Democrats. Could you please investigate some of
  the--"
• KWAME HOLMAN and then an expletive. Nixon
  continued the conversation the very next day.
• NIXON "What about the rich Jews? The IRS is full
  of Jews, Bob."
• HALDEMAN "What we ought to do is get a zealot
  who dislikes those people."
• NIXON" Go after them like a son of a bitch."

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• KWAME HOLMAN During a conversation with Haldeman
  in June 1971, Nixon ordered Haldeman to break
  into the Brookings Institution, a Washington
  research organization. Nixon believed Brookings
  had copies of the Pentagon Papers revealing
  military secrets about U.S. strategy in the
  Vietnam War.
• NIXON "They have a lot of material. I want--the
  way I want that handled Bob is get it over. I
  want Brooking. Just break in. Break in and take
  it out. You understand."
• HALDEMAN "Yeah. But you have to get somebody to
  do it."

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• Impoundment of Funds
• Presidential practice of refusing to spend money
  appropriated by Congress.
• Richard Nixon Highway Funds EPA Funds to
  states
• Budget Reform Act of 1974 required Pres. To spend
  all of the money allocated.

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Issue of Gridlock

• In the forty-four years between 1952 and 1996
  there were twenty-two congressional or
  presidential elections. Fifteen of the
  twenty-two produced DIVIDED GOVERNMENTS

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• Many criticize divided government for creating
  gridlock or the inability to get anything done.
• 1995-1996 Congress and the President could not
  agree on the federal budget.

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• THE PRESIDENTS PROGRAM
• Pres. Will draw on
• Interest groups
• Aides and campaign advisers
• Federal Bureaus and Agencies
• Outside academic experts

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• THE FIRST CONSTRAINT
• THE UNEXPECTED CRISIS
• Truman
• Major strikes in the auto, steel, coal , rr and
  shipping
• South Korea invaded by North

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• Eisenhower
• Egypt seizes Suez Canal
• Brown v. Board
• Sputnik

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• KENNEDY
• BAY OF PIGS
• Soviets place missiles in Cuba
• China invades India
• Federal troops sent to the south

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• Mississippi's CrisisThe State of Mississippi and
  the Federal Government appear due for a head-on
  collision over the school desegregation issue.
  Federal courts all the way to the top have held
  that Negro James Meredith must be permitted to
  register as a transfer student at the University
  of Mississippi. The Governor of Mississippi has
  said he will go to jail before allowing this to
  happen, and he has urged other state officials to
  follow his example or resign.
• This is a crisis for Mississippi, a threat to its
  traditions and mores, and a challenge to the
  cherished political belief that the Federal
  Constitution reserves certain rights -- such as
  education -- to the states. That belief springs
  from the 10th Amendment to the Constitution.
  Against the view is the 14th Amendment -- which
  some say was never legally ratified -- stating
  "No state shall make or enforce any law which
  shall abridge the privileges . . . of citizens of
  the United States. . . . "

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• Johnson
• Vietnam War
• Riots in cities
• Arab-Israeli War
• Civil rights workers murdered

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• Nixon
• Watergate Scandal
• Arab-Israeli War
• Value of dollar falls in foreign Trade
• Arabs raise the price of oil

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• Carter
• OMB Director Bert Lance accused of improprieties
• Coal Strike
• American hostages taken in Iran
• Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

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• The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting
  Countries (OPEC) is a permanent,
  intergovernmental Organization, created at the
  Baghdad Conference on September 1014, 1960, by
  Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela.
  The five Founding Members were later joined by
  eight other Members Qatar (1961) Indonesia
  (1962) Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
  (1962) United Arab Emirates (1967) Algeria
  (1969) Nigeria (1971) Ecuador (19731992) and
  Gabon (19751994).

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• Iran rescue attempt

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• REAGAN
• Poland suppresses Solidarity movement
• U.S. troops sent to Lebanon
• U.S. hostages held in Lebanon
• Civil war in Nicaragua
• Iran-contra crisis

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• Bush
• Soviet Union dissolves
• Iraq invades Kuwait
• Tiananmen Square

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• Clinton
• Civil war in Bosnia
• North Korea nuclear weapons

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• Whitewater
• Sexual Harassment
• Impeachment

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•   SENATE ACQUITS CLINTON  55-45 "NOT GUILTY"
  VOTE ON PERJURY 50-50 ON OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE

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• The right to impeach public officials is secured
  by the U.S. Constitution in Article I, Sections 2
  and 3, which discuss the procedure, and in
  Article II, Section 4, which indicates the
  grounds for impeachment "the President, Vice
  President, and all civil officers of the United
  States shall be removed from office on
  impeachment for, and conviction of, treason,
  bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors."

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• George Bush
• Gas prices
• Domestic devastations

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• The second Constraint
• The federal govt. and most federal programs as
  well as the federal budget can only be changed
  marginally.

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• Federal Spending

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• The Vice President
• I do not choose to be buried until I am really
  dead. Daniel Webster
• Preside over the Senate only vote if there
  exists a tie.
• Help decide the question of presidential
  disability
• Take over Presidency if the president is unable
  to fill his term (9 times)

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White House Office

• The White House Staff consists of hundreds of
  people who work for the president are office in
  the White House
• Appointed by the President without senate
  confirmation and may be fired at will.
• Pyramid Circular AdHoc

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Presidential Term, Succession, and Impeachment

• The term of Office 4 years according to the
  Constitution.
• 22nd Amendment 2 terms

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• Presidential Succession
• 25th Amendment (1967)
• VP becomes acting president if the VO and the
  cabinet determine that the president is disabled.
  
• If president challenges their determination,
  congress decides the issue

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• 25th Amendment also created a method for
  selecting a VP when the office is vacated. The
  Pres. Nominated a new VP must be approved by a
  majority vote from both houses of Congress.
• Succession Law Speaker of the House, Senate
  pro tempore, and 13 Cabinet members beginning
  with the Secretary of State.

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• Impeachment Process
• House of Representatives may, by a majority vote,
  impeach the president for Treason, Bribery, or
  other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.
• Case goes to the Senate
• Chief Justice presides.
• 2/3 vote Senate may convict

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