Phonetics SPAU 3343

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PhoneticsSPAU 3343

• Chap. 5 English words and sentences
• Chap. 10 Syllables and suprasegmental features

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Concepts from Chap. 5

• Words in connected speech
• Stress
• Intonation
• TOBI
• Assimilation vs. Dissimilation

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Concepts from Chap. 10

• Syllables
• Sonority/prominence
• Stress/length/rhythm
• Intonation and tone

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Strong/weak forms
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Definition of stress

• Perceptual Louder, longer, higher
• Acoustic Amplitude, duration, F0
• ROLE Linguistic vs. affective (emotional)

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Linguistic stress

• Language-specific
• TYPES
• Lexical (e.g., rebel noun vs. verb)
• Emphatic (focus) (e.g., SHE plays piano vs.
  She PLAYS piano)
• Sentence-level intonation (Simple declarative
  sentences, Yes/No-Questions, Wh-Questions)

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Emotional (affective) stress

• Arguably universal(?)
• HAPPY rising intonation with much variability
• SAD more monotonic intonation
• ANGRY variable rising for some, monotonic
  (flat) for others

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Mistaking affective stress for linguistic stress?
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Sentence-level intonation

• Language particular
• For English
• Simple declaratives (the sky is blue) Falling
• Y/N questions (Are you going?) Rising
• Wh-Questions (When are you going?)Falling

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Take-home message

• Stress and intonation are complex
• In any given utterance, there is usually both
  affective and linguistic stress
• May be further complicated by pragmatics (e.g.
  expressing irony) or sociolinguistic factors
  (Valley Girl speak?)
• So how should we mark stress and intonation in
  our IPA transcriptions?

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Marking tonic stress

• Tonic syllable stands out because it carries
  the major pitch change
• Tone group a portion of speech that contains
  one tonic syllable
• Thus, we continue to mark lexical stress in
  polysyllabic words (as before), but
• the tonic stressed syllable is marked above and
  all other primary stressed syllables are marked
  below

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Examples

• The yellow refrigerator is NICE
• ?? ?jEl? ???f??d???e??? Iz ?n?Is
• (? tonic syllable)
• The YELLOW refrigerator is nice
• ?? ?jEl? ???f??d???e??? Iz ?n?Is
• (? tonic syllable)

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Sketching intonation contours- Examples from text
Remember In our transcriptions we sketch
intonation contours ABOVE the gloss and IPA
characters
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Syllable structure
?
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English consonant cluster rules
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Stress shift

• Alteration of stress patterns due to phrasal or
  sentential context

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Sonority

• Comparable loudness of a sound
• Relative to other sounds with same length,
  stress, and pitch

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Prominence

• The extent to which a sound stands out from
  others because of some combination of sonority,
  length, stress, and pitch
• - pg. 113

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Prominence Example
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A broad generalization about stress patterns in
language

• Stress-timed

• Syllable-timed

• Irregular timing, based on some syllables
  attracting stress and others not
• Generally, heavy syllables attract stress
  (e.g., CCVCC flask)
• EXAMPLES English, German, Dutch

• Regular timing, commonly associated with simple
  syllable patterns (e.g., CVCVCV Toyota)
• May sound rapid to the ear of someone who speaks
  a stress-timed language
• EXAMPLES Spanish, Hawaiian, Japanese

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PVI Pairwise variability index

• A way of quantifying the stress timed vs.
  syllable-timed continuum
• Higher PVI values more stress timed
• Lower PVI values more syllable timed

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ToBi Tone and break indices

• System for transcribing intonation of utterances
  in terms of a series of pitch accents (high, low,
  etc.)
• Includes break indices indicating degree of
  connection between words (i.e., juncture)

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ToBI examples
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Chapter 11Linguistic phonetics
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Review Types of transcription
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Review Common phonological features