American History Overview Ch' 13,14

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American History Overview Ch. 13,14

• Second Industrial Revolution

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Native Americans Removed
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Westward Expansion
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America Starts to Modernize

• In early 1800s water and steam power had
  replaced much animal and human labor
• In the late 1800s electrical power had replaced
  steam and water power
• Factories and faster transportation created more
  goods cheaply and moved them faster
• The Bessemer process transformed the nation
  making steel which was stronger than iron.
• Oil became a valuable new fuel source (oil boom)
• Railroads increased five fold between 1865 and
  1890.
• The Transcontinental Railroad linked the nation.
  Union Pacific Railroad laid tracks west of
  Nebraska, the Central Pacific Railroad laid
  tracks from California eastward. Connected in Utah

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Effects of Expansion

• Effects of Railroad promoted trade, jobs,
  boosted steel production, sped up settlement in
  West, standard time adopted for the nation

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Rise of Big Business

• Capitalism economic system in which private
  businesses run most industries. Competition
  determines prices and wages
• Laissez-faire capitalism No government
  intervention in business
• Social Darwinism took Charles Darwins theory
  survival of fittest and applied it to business,
  human beings, ect.. (Darwin rejected)

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Types of Businesses

• Proprietorship individual owns
• Partnership two or more people own
• Corporation owned by stock holders who buy
  shares, ran by board of directors advantage
  raise lots of money by selling stock,
  stockholders only responsible financially by
  amount they put in
• Trusts a group of companies run together when
  control all of industry it becomes a monopoly
  which means no competition from other firms
  allowing them to charge whatever they want for
  product.

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Power of Monopolies

• Vertical Integration acquires all companies
  that supply the industry
• Horizontal Integration Takes over companies
  that produce the same product

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Industrial Tycoons

• John Rockefeller owned 90 of US oil
• Andrew Carnegie Steel (later sold to JP Morgan
• Cornelius Vanderbilt railroads (owned 4500
  miles of track)
• George Pullman designed and built railroad cars
  (Pullman Sleeping Car)

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Mass Marketing

• Department Stores retailers sold many different
  products under one roof.
• Mail order catalogs for those living in
  countryside

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Government gets involved

• As corporations got bigger the government grew
  uneasy about their power.
• In 1890 Congress passed the Sherman Anti Trust
  Act made it illegal to form trusts that
  interfered with free trade and prohibited
  monopolies.
• At first was not enforced toward businesses but
  was used to stop labor unions.

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What about the Workers?

• By 1890 10 of the population controlled 75 of
  the nations wealth.
• Many factory workers were immigrants (the best
  jobs went to native born whites, then European
  immigrants, then African Americans)
• Many factory workers were children
• Most unskilled laborers worked 10 hours a day, 6
  days a week. They had no paid vacations, no sick
  leave, no compensation for injures on the job.
• Accidents from exhausting, unsanitary, boring
  work happened frequently

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Labor Movement Begins

• In 1866 the National Labor Union organized to try
  to shorten the work day to eight hours
  unsuccessful
• The Knights of Labor formed in 1869 allowed
  immigrants, women, African Americans into ranks.
  Had more than 700,000 members. Campaigned for
  reforms to 8 hour work day, end of child labor,
  equal pay for equal work. Used boycotts and
  negotiation as main tactics.
• First major strike was the Great Railroad Strike
  1877
• The B and O Railroad workers walked off the job
  after wages cut and blocked several freight
  trains
• Pennsylvania RR workers blocked several trains
  (stopped freight traffic for a week)
• State militia called out to put down strike
  resulting in violence.
• US Army called out to put down strike and riot

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Haymarket Riot

• Haymarket Square, Chicago crowds gathered to
  protest violent police action from a strike the
  day before. Someone threw a bomb into the crowd.
  People panicked. 11 killed
• People blamed the riot on foreign born unionists
  and the media whipped up xenophobia fear of
  foreigners
• Eight foreign men charged, convicted and
  sentenced to death although little evidence
  against them
• After riot employers created blacklists lists of
  people thought to be troublemakers whom they
  refused to hire

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Pullman Strike

• In 1893 the Pullman Company laid off a third of
  its employees and cut wages for the others but
  did not decrease rent.
• Workers went on strike with the help of Eugene
  Debs (leader of American Railway Union)
• Employees would not work on any Pullman Cars
• President Cleveland stepped in with federal
  troops and the strike collapsed

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Advances in Transportation

• As cities became larger walking everywhere became
  impractical. Mass transit was created to solve
  this problem.
• Horsecars or streetcars (along rails)
• Cable cars (San Francisco)
• Electric streetcars
• Subways (1897 Boston)
• Automobiles (at first were expensive)
• Airplanes (Orville and Wilbur Wright 1903, Kitty
  Hawk North Carolina)

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Communications Revolution

• The telegraph, 1837 Samuel Morse sent messages
  over wires with electricity (Morse Code) Grew
  along the railroads
• The telephone, 1876 Alexander Graham Bell.
• The typewriter, 1867 Christopher Latham Sholes
• The Light Bulb, Thomas Edison, by 1882 lit up one
  mile in New York City

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