Courtesy

1
Courtesy
2
Courtesy

• Fragments

3
Sentences

• Sentences are breath-units that sound okay when
  we say them by themselves.

4
Sentences

• They may not be understandable, but they
  usually sound okay.

5
Sentences

• They will go.

6
Sentences

• She did that.

7
Sentences

• He left.

8
Fragments

•  

• Fragments are breath-units that sound strange,
  or funny, when we say them by themselves.

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Fragments

•  
•  

• Think of the letter F in funny as fragment.
  

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Fragments

•  

• ? If John can go.

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Fragments

•  

• ? When the dog barks.

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Fragments

•  
•  

• ? Although she could not go to the dance.

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Fragments

•  
•  

• Often, fragments occur because in our minds we
  fill in the rest of the sentence.

14
Fragments

•  

• ? Going to the store
•  

15
Fragments

•  

• ? Going to the store
• ? I am going to the store.
•  

16
Fragments

•  
•  

• ? The train going 80 mph.
•  

17
Fragments

•  
•  

• The train going 80 mph.
•  

18
Fragments

• Look up and say the sentence.

• The train was going 80 mph.
•  

19
Fragments

• Look up and say the sentence.
• Dont start with that.

• ? The train going 80 mph.
•  

20
Fragments

• Look up and say the sentence.
• Dont start with that.

• ? That the train was going 80 mph.
•  

21
Fragments

•  
•  

• The train was going 80 mph.
•  

22
Fragments

•  
•  

• There was a train going 80 mph.
•  

23
Fragments

•  
•  

• I saw a train going 80 mph.
•  

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Fragments

•  
•  

• You should be able to hear that the syntax
  does not sound natural.
•  
•  

25
Fragments

•  
•  

• ? Although the apples are ripe.
•  

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Fragments

•  
•  

• ? If I ask Aunt Isadora.
•  

27
Fragments

•  
•  

• ? Because babies belch.
•  

28
Fragments

•  

• ? When Wednesday comes.  
•  

29
Fragment Words

•  
• Some words and phrases result in fragments if
  the word is the first word in the breath-unit.
•  

• after although
• as as long as
• because before
• during if
• in order to since
• so that till
• though until
• whenever while

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Fragment Words

• During the day

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Fragment Words

• After John went home

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Fragment Words

• Whenever Jessica studied

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Fragment Words

• While Sally built the house

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Fragment Words

• Because Bob forgot his wallet

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Fragment Words

• Since Bob forgot his wallet

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Fragment Words

• Although Fred insists on going

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Fragment Words

• As long as Fred insists on going

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Fragment Words

• Before Juanita can go

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Fragment Words

• If Juanita insists on going

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Fragment Words

• So that she would become champion

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Sentences and Fragments

• Fragments usually attach to sentences.

42
Sentences and Fragments

• They can attach at either end of a sentence.  

43
Sentences and Fragments

• Fragments usually attach to sentences.
• They can attach at either end.  

• FRAGMENT
• Because I forgot my wallet

44
Sentences and Fragments

• Fragments usually attach to sentences.
• They can attach at either end.  

• FRAGMENT
• Because I forgot my wallet
• SENTENCE
• I could not get into the concert.

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Sentences and Fragments

• Fragments usually attach to sentences.
• They can attach at either end.  

• SENTENCE
• I could not get into the concert

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Sentences and Fragments

• Fragments usually attach to sentences.
• They can attach at either end.  

• SENTENCE
• I could not get into the concert
• FRAGMENT
• because I forgot my wallet.

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Two Ways to Attach Fragments

•  

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Two Ways to Attach Fragments

• COMMA
•  

49
Two Ways to Attach Fragments

• COMMA
•  

• Because I forgot my wallet, I could not get into
  the concert.

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Two Ways to Attach Fragments

• COMMA
• Because I forgot my wallet, I could not get
  into the concert.
•  

• NO PUNCTUATION

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Two Ways to Attach Fragments

• COMMA
• Because I forgot my wallet, I could not get
  into the concert.
•  

• NO PUNCTUATION
• I could not get into the
• concert because I forgot my wallet.

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Multiple Fragments

•  
• Any number of fragments can attach to a
  sentence.

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Multiple Fragments

•  
• Assuming the result makes sense, the whole
  thing becomes a long sentence.

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Multiple Fragments

• FRAGMENT
• Although I had planned on
• going for months
•  

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Multiple Fragments

• FRAGMENT
• Although I had planned on going for months
• SENTENCE
• I could not get into the rock concert
•  

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Multiple Fragments

• FRAGMENT
• because I forgot my
  wallet  

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Multiple Fragments

• F  
• Although I had planned on going for months,
• S
• I could not get into the rock concert
• F
• because I forgot my wallet.

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Multiple Fragments

• F S F

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Sentence Fragment

•  
•  

• F S Sentence

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Multiple Fragments

• F  
• Although I had planned on going for months,
• S
• I could not get into the rock concert

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Sentence Fragment

•  
•  

• S F Sentence

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Multiple Fragments

• S
• I could not get into the rock concert
• F
• because I forgot my wallet.

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S F

•  
• Commas a breath or other change of tone.
•  

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S F

•  
• Commas a breath or other change of tone.
• No punctuation
• no breath or other
• tone-change.
•  

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Not sure?

•  
•  

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Not sure?

•  
• Breath or change of tone of voice?

67
Not sure?

• Breath or change of tone of voice?

68
Not sure?

• Breath or change of tone of voice?

• No breath or change of tone
• of voice

69
Not sure?

• Breath or change of tone of voice?

• No breath or change of tone
• of voice

70
Not sure?

•  
• When in doubt . . .
•  

71
Not sure?

•  
• When in doubt . . .
•  

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Not sure?

•  
• When in doubt . . .
•  

• leave commas out.

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Tone-Change Examples

• No, I cant go out this evening.

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Tone-Change Examples

• S
• No, I cant go out this evening.

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Tone-Change Examples

• F S
• No, I cant go out this evening.

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Tone-Change Examples

• F S
• No, I cant go out this evening.

• Formula

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Tone-Change Examples

• F S
• No, I cant go out this evening.

• Formula
• F S

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Tone-Change Examples

• F S
• No, I cant go out this evening.

• Formula
• F, S

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Tone-Change Examples

• I asked Mary to the
• prom, although it
• wasnt until spring.

80
Tone-Change Examples

• I asked Mary to the
• F
• prom, although it
• wasnt until spring.

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Tone-Change Examples

• S
• I asked Mary to the
• F
• prom, although it
• wasnt until spring.

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Tone-Change Examples

• S
• I asked Mary to the
• F
• prom, although it
• wasnt until spring.

• Formula

83
Tone-Change Examples

• S
• I asked Mary to the
• F
• prom, although it
• wasnt until spring.

• Formula
• S F

84
Tone-Change Examples

• S
• I asked Mary to the
• F
• prom, although it
• wasnt until spring.

• Formula
• S, F

85
Tone-Change Examples

• If I can learn to write
• during first grade next
• year, I will send Santa
• letter, as long as I
• dont have to be good
• to get something nice.

86
Tone-Change Examples

• as long as I dont
• have to be good to get
• something nice.

87
Tone-Change Examples

• F
• as long as I dont
• have to be good to get
• something nice.

88
Tone-Change Examples

• I will send Santa a letter

89
Tone-Change Examples

• S
• I will send Santa a letter

90
Tone-Change Examples

• If I can learn to write
• during first grade next
• year

91
Tone-Change Examples

• F
• If I can learn to write
• during first grade next
• year

92
Tone-Change Examples

• F
• If I can learn to write
• during first grade next
• S
• year, I will send Santa
• F
• letter, as long as I dont
• have to be good to get
• something nice.

93
Tone-Change Examples

• If I can learn to write
• F
• during first grade next
• S
• year, I will send Santa
• F
• letter, as long as I dont
• have to be good to get
• something nice.

• Formula

94
Tone-Change Examples

• If I can learn to write
• F
• during first grade next
• S
• year, I will send Santa
• F
• letter, as long as I dont
• have to be good to get
• something nice.

• Formula
• F S F

95
Tone-Change Examples

• If I can learn to write
• F
• during first grade next
• S
• year, I will send Santa
• F
• letter, as long as I dont
• have to be good to get
• something nice.

• Formula
• F S, F

96
Tone-Change Examples

• If I can learn to write
• F
• during first grade next
• S
• year, I will send Santa
• F
• letter, as long as I dont
• have to be good to get
• something nice.

• Formula
• F, S, F

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No Tone Change Examples

• Bill bought a car.
• That had 250,000 miles on it.

98
No Tone Change Examples

• Bill bought a car.
• That had 250,000 miles on it.

99
No Tone Change Examples

• Bill bought a car.
• F
• That had 250,000 miles on it.

100
No Tone Change Examples

• S
• Bill bought a car.
• F
• That had 250,000 miles on it.

101
No Tone Change Examples

• S
• Bill bought a car.
• F
• That had 250,000 miles on it.
• Formula S F

102
No Tone Change Examples

• S
• Bill bought a car.
• F
• That had 250,000 miles on it.
• Formula S F

• Corrected

103
No Tone Change Examples

• S
• Bill bought a car.
• F
• That had 250,000 miles on it.
• Formula S F

• Corrected
• Bill bought a car that had 250,000 miles on it.

104
No Tone Change Examples

• Janie ran into a tree.
• With her car.
•  

105
No Tone Change Examples

• Janie ran into a tree.
• F
• With her car.
•  

106
No Tone Change Examples

• S
• Janie ran into a tree.
• F
• With her car.
•  

107
No Tone Change Examples

• S
• Janie ran into a tree.
• F
• With her car.
•  
• Formula S F

108
No Tone Change Examples

• S
• Janie ran into a tree.
• F
• With her car.
•  
• Formula S F

• Corrected

109
No Tone Change Examples

• S
• Janie ran into a tree.
• F
• With her car.
•  
• Formula S F

• Corrected
• Janie ran into a tree with her car.

110
No Tone Change Examples

• The teacher was upset.
• Because the students
• had not studied.

111
No Tone Change Examples

• Because the students
• had not studied.

112
No Tone Change Examples

• F
• Because the students
• had not studied.

113
No Tone Change Examples

• The teacher was upset.

114
No Tone Change Examples

• S
• The teacher was upset.

115
No Tone Change Examples

• S
• The teacher was upset.
• F
• Because the students
• had not studied.

116
No Tone Change Examples

• Formula

• S
• The teacher was upset.
• F
• Because the students
• had not studied.

117
No Tone Change Examples

• Formula S F

• S
• The teacher was upset.
• F
• Because the students
• had not studied.

118
Tone Change AND No Tone Change

• Although she did
• not know the part.
• Zelda performed in
• the play. Because
• her friend was ill.

119
Tone Change AND No Tone Change

• Although she did
• not know the part.
• Zelda performed in
• the play. Because
• F
• her friend was ill.

120
Tone Change AND No Tone Change

• Although she did
• not know the part.
• S
• Zelda performed in
• the play. Because
• F
• her friend was ill.

121
Tone Change AND No Tone Change

• F
• Although she did
• not know the part.
• S
• Zelda performed in
• the play. Because
• F
• her friend was ill.

122
Tone Change AND No Tone Change

• FORMULA

• F
• Although she did
• not know the part.
• S
• Zelda performed in
• the play. Because
• F
• her friend was ill.

123
Tone Change AND No Tone Change

• FORMULA F S F

• F
• Although she did
• not know the part.
• S
• Zelda performed in
• the play. Because
• F
• her friend was ill.

124
Tone Change AND No Tone Change

• FORMULA F S no F

• F
• Although she did
• not know the part.
• S
• Zelda performed in
• the play. Because
• F
• her friend was ill.

125
Tone Change AND No Tone Change

• FORMULA F, S no F

• F
• Although she did
• not know the part.
• S
• Zelda performed in
• the play. Because
• F
• her friend was ill.

126
Tone Change AND No Tone Change

• FORMULA F, S F

• F
• Although she did
• not know the part.
• S
• Zelda performed in
• the play. Because
• F
• her friend was ill.

127
Tone Change AND No Tone Change

• FORMULA F, S F

• F
• Although she did
• not know the part.
• S
• Zelda performed in
• the play because
• F
• her friend was ill.

128
Tone Change AND No Tone Change

• FORMULA F, S F

• F
• Although she did
• not know the part,
• S
• Zelda performed in
• the play because
• F
• her friend was ill.

129
Answering Questions

• We often use fragments when we answer
  questions.
•  

130
Answering Questions

• We often use fragments when we answer
  questions.
•  

• Where are you going?

131
Answering Questions

• We often use fragments when we answer
  questions.
•  

• Where are you going?
• To the store.

132
Answering Questions

• Thats because the question is under-stood as
  part of the answer.
•  

• Where are you going?
• I am going to the store.

133
REVIEW

• S F
•  

134
REVIEW

• F S
•  

135
REVIEW

• S F
• or
• F S
•  

136
REVIEW

• S F
• or
• F S
•  

• Comma

137
REVIEW

• S F
• or
• F S
•  

• Comma
• or
• No Punctuation

138
REVIEW

• S F
• or
• F S
•  

• When in doubt . . .

139
REVIEW

• S F
• or
• F S
•  

• When in doubt, leave commas out.

140
CAUTION

•  

• Go by sound, not sight.

141
CAUTION

•  

• Read (listen to) the ENTIRE sentence.

142
CAUTION

•  

• Above the airplane looked tiny.

143
CAUTION

•  

• Above, the airplane looked tiny.

144
CAUTION

•  

• Outside the temperature was rapidly falling.

145
CAUTION

•  

• Outside, the temperature was rapidly falling.

146
CAUTION

•  

• Do not put in commas where there is probably
  no breath or change of tone.

147
CAUTION

•  

• Do not put in commas where there is probably
  no breath or change of tone.

148
CAUTION

•  

• I found an apartment near the university.

149
CAUTION

•  NOT

• I found an apartment, near the university.

150
CAUTION

•  NOT

• I found, an apartment near the university.

151
CAUTION

•  CORRECT

• I found an apartment near the university.

152
REVIEW

• S F
•  

• sentence

153
REVIEW

• F S
•  

• sentence

154
REVIEW

• F S F
•  

• sentence

155
REVIEW

• S F F F
•  

• sentence