European Music from the 1870s to World War I:

1
Chapter 19

• European Music from the 1870s to World War I
• The German Tradition

2
Hugo Wolf (1860-1903)

• Composed over 250 lieder
• Wagnerian
• Equality of instrumental and vocal line
• Through composed rather than strophic

3
Kennst du das Land?

• Speechlike vocal line
• piano supplies continuity
• chromaticism, ambiguous tonality

4
Gustav Mahler

• Known as a conductor
• Vienna State Opera
• New York Philharmonic
• Metropolitan Opera

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Mahler

• 9 Symphonies
• 2 The Resurrection Symphony
• 8 Symphony of a Thousand
• uses vocal soloists and chorus

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Mahler

• 5 song cycles
• Kindertotenlieder
• Das Lied von der Erde
• based on a cycle of six Chinese Poems

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Nun will die Sonn so hell aufgehen, from the
Kindertotenlieder

• text by Rückert on the death of his two daughters
  from scarlet fever
• Thin orchestration
• chromatic harmony

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Richard Strauss (1864-1949)

• Most famous German Composer ca. 1900
• Symphonic conductor
• Composed lieder, symphonic poems and operas

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Strauss - Symphonic Poems

• Philosophical
• Tod und Verklärung
• Also sprach Zarathustra
• Descriptive
• Till Eulenspiegels lustige Streiche
• Don Quixote

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Don Quixote

• Form Theme and Variations
• Don Quixote
• Sancho Panza
• Windmill
• Sheep
• fluttertongue
• klangfarbenmelodie
• Genre Symphonic Poem

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Strauss - Operas

• Salome - made him famous
• Elektra - (ever hear of Oedipus?)
• Der Rosenkavalier

12
Chapter 19 - National trends

• Nationalism deliberately writing in the style
  of ones native country.
• Smetana - Czech
• Dvorak - Czech
• Glinka - Russian

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Russian Nationalism

• The Five
• Cui
• Alexander Borodin
• Mily Balakirev
• Modest Musorgsky
• Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov

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Alexander Borodin

• Chemist
• Opera, Prince Igor,
• Polovetsian Dances

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Modest Musorgsky (1839-1881)

• Night on Bald Mountain
• Pictures at an Exhibition
• Boris Godunov (opera)

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Okonchen prazdnyi shumny den

• Debussy influence
• note harmonic progressions

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Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov

• Studied with Tchaikovsky and Balakirev
• Taught Stravinsky
• Scheharezade,
• Russian Easter Overture

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Alexander Skryabin (1872-1915)

• Piano works
• Vers la flamme
• mystic chord
• Synthesia

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Norway and Edvard Grieg

• Studied at Leipzig Conservatory
• Peer Gynt Suite

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Finland and Jean Sibelius

• Kalevala, the Finnish national epic
• Finlandia

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England and Edward Elgar

• Pomp and Circumstance
• use of folk songs

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Spain

• Isaac Albéniz
• Manuel de Falla

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Chapter 19

• New Currents in France

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France The Cosmopolitan Tradition

• César Franck
• Vincent DIndy

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The French Tradition

• Camille Saint-Saëns
• Jules Massenet
• Gabriel Fauré

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Avant que tu ne ten ailles from La bonne
chanson by Gabriel Fauré

• Ambiguous tonality
• nonfunctional harmony
• unusual resolutions

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Claude Debussy (1862-1918)

• Impressionism
• Monet

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Prélude a lprès-midi dun faune

• Debussys best known orchestral work

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Nuages

• Symphonic Poem
• The chordal patter comes from Musorgskys Sunless
• 5ths and 3rds replace 6ths and 3rds
• fog motif represented by slow moving triplets
• pentatonic scales
• Ternary (ABA) form

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Pelléas et Mélisande

• Debussys only opera
• based on symbolist play by Maeterlinck

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Erik Satie

• anti-impressionist
• Gymnopédies for Piano

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Maurice Ravel (1875-1937)

• Title Le Tombeau de Couperin
• Form Menuet
• Characteristics regular, 4-measure phrases
• Purpose Tribute to Couperin
• Tombeau is a Lamentation

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Ravel - Orchestral Music

• Bolero - Spanish Dance
• La Valse - Viennese waltz
• Concerto for the Left Hand - Jazz elements

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The Sorcerers Apprentice by Paul Dukas
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Chapter 19

• Italian Opera

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Verisimo

• realism, naturalism, or truthism
• Mascagnis Cavalleria rusticana
• Leoncavallos I Pagliacci

37
Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924)

• Tosca - verisimo
• Exoticism
• Madama Butterfly
• Turandot