The Motherboard

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Chapter 5

• The Motherboard

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You Will Learn

• About the types of motherboards
• About components on the motherboard
• A basic procedure for building a computer
• How to install a motherboard
• How to troubleshoot a motherboard

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Motherboards

• Primary purpose
• House the CPU
• Allow all devices to communicate with the
  motherboard and with each other
• Determine capabilities and limitations of the
  system

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Types of Motherboards
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Types of Motherboards
ATX
-5, -12, 3.3 volts
AT
-5, -12 volts
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Main Components on a Motherboard

• CPU and its chip set
• System clock
• ROM BIOS
• CMOS configuration chip and its battery
• RAM
• RAM cache (optional)

• System bus with expansion slots
• Jumpers and DIP switches
• Ports directly on the board
• Power supply connections

Chip set group of chips on mboard that controls
the timing and flow of data instructions to
from the CPU
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Field Replaceable Units (FRUs)

• CPU
• ROM BIOS chip
• CMOS battery
• RAM
• RAM cache

Can be replaced or upgraded without returning the
mboard to the manufacturer
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Typical AT Motherboard
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Typical ATX Motherboard
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Selection of a Motherboard Determines

• CPU types and speeds
• Chip set on the board (already installed)
• Memory cache type and size
• Types and number of expansion slots ISA, PCI,
  and AGP
• Type of memory what kind of and how much SRAM
  and DRAM
• Maximum amount of memory that can be installed on
  board and the incremental amounts you can upgrade

continued
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Selection of a Motherboard Determines

• Type of case
• ROM BIOS (already installed)
• Type of keyboard connector
• Presence/absence of proprietary video and/or
  proprietary local bus slots
• Presence/absence of IDE adapters and SCSI
  controller
• Presence/absence of COM ports, LPT ports, and
  mouse port

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Approaches to selecting a Motherboard

• Provides most room for expansion
• Best suits the need of computers current
  configuration
• Meets your present needs with moderate room for
  expansion

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Considerations When Selecting a System Board

• Support the CPU you plan to use?
• Type of BIOS?
• Bus speeds and type of memory memory capacity?
• Use many embedded devices?
• Fit the case?
• Support legacy cards?
• Warranty? How much manufacturer support?
• How extensive and user-friendly is documentation?

Embedded component on the board (video)
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Major Manufacturers o Motherboards
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The System Clock
Components on mboard

• Keeps the beat for motherboard activities
• Frequency is measured in megahertz (MHz)
• 1 mhz 1,000,000 beats or cycles of the clock
  per second
• Wait state
• Occurs when the CPU must wait for another
  component
• Set as default settings (only changed in rare
  circumstances)
• Single clock beat was once smallest unit of
  processing it could only do one thing for each
  beat
• Today some CPUs can perform 2 activities per
  clock cycle

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CPU Chip set
Components on mboard

• How the CPU Works
• Input/output (I/O) unit
• Manages data and instructions entering and
  leaving the CPU
• Arithmetic logic units (ALUs)
• Do all comparisons and calculations
• Control unit
• Manages all activities inside the CPU itself

Registers small holding areas inside CPU that
work much as RAM does hold counters, data,
instructions, addresses the ALU is processing
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How the CPU Works
Internal bus for communication to internal
cache operates at much higher frequency than
external or system bus
184 paragraph
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Attributes Used to Rate CPU
How to identify a CPU performance

• CPU speed measured in gigahertz
• Efficiency of programming code
• Number of transistors
• Number of registers
• Word size (internal data path size)
• Data path (external data path size or FSB)

continued
185
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Attributes Used to Rate CPU

• Maximum number of memory addresses
• Amount of memory included with the CPU
• Internal cache, primary cache, L1
• Secondary cache, L2
• L3
• Multiprocessing ability
• Special functionality

186
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The Pentium and Its Competitors

• Pentium processor is a true multiprocessor (has
  two ALUs)
• Terminology
• Bus speed frequency or speed of which data
  moves on a bus
• System bus fastest (connects directly to CPU)
• Processor speed speed CPU operates internally
• The multiplier system bus speed multiplier
  proc. speed
• Memory cache small amount of RAM much faster
  than the rest of RAM (L1, L2, L3)

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The Pentium and Its Competitors
Runs at half the speed of CPU
188
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Types of Pentium CPUs
continued
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Types of Pentium CPUs
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Competitors of Advanced Pentiums
192-193
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Intel Itaniums

• The next-generation processor
• Intels first 64-bit processor for microcomputers
• Designed for high-end enterprise servers
• Uses a new instruction set called the EPIC
  (explicitly parallel instruction computing)
  architecture

193 paragraph 194
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Intel Itaniums
RISC CISC EPIC
194
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CPU Heat Sinksand Cooling Fans

• Heat sinks
• Used by older CPUs to pull heat away from the CPU
• Clip-on devices that mount on top of the CPU
• Cooling fans
• Keep temperatures below the Intel maximum limit
  of 185 degrees F/85 degrees C

Cooler combo of both heat sink and fan
195
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CPU Cooling Fan
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CPU Cooling Fan
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CPU Packages

• SECC (Single Edge Contact Cartridge)
• SECC2 (Single Edge Contact Cartridge, version 2)
• SEP (Single Edge Processor)
• PPGA (Plastic Pin Grid Array)
• PGA (Pin Grid Array)

• OOI/OLGA (Organic Land Grid Array)
• FC-PGA (Flip Chip Pin Grid Array)
• FC-PGA2 (Flip Chip Pin Grid Array 2)
• PAC (Pin Array Cartridge)

http//www.intel.com/support/processors/procid/pty
pe.htm
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CPU Slots and Sockets
continued
198
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CPU Slots and Sockets
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CPU Slots and Sockets

• The physical connection used to connect the CPU
  to the system board
• Slots 1 and 2 are proprietary Intel slots
• Slot A is a proprietary AMD slot
• Current CPU sockets are called zero insertion
  force (ZIF) sockets and have a small lever on the
  side of the socket that lifts the CPU up and out
  of the socket

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Sockets

• PGA (Pin Grid Array) pins align in uniform rows
• SPGA (Staggered Pin Grid Array) pins staggered
  over socket to squeeze more pins in
• DIPP (Dual Inline Pin Package) rectangular with
  two rows of pins down each side
• ZIF (Zero Insertion Force) small lever on side
  of socket that lifts CPU up and out

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CPU Slots and Sockets
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CPU Voltage Regulator

• Dual-voltage CPUs require two different voltages
  (external internal operations)
• Single-voltage CPUs

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CPU Voltage Regulator
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The Chip Set

• Set of chips on the system board that
  collectively controls the memory cache, external
  buses, and some peripherals
• Intel dominates the market
• Most compatible with Pentium family of CPUs
• Investment in RD has led to other developments
  (eg, PCI bus, universal serial bus, AGP, and
  Accelerated Hub Architecture)

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Intel Chip Sets

• E chipset family
• Intel i800 Series
• Orion
• Natoma
• Triton III
• Triton II
• Triton I

202
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Intel 800 Series of Chip Sets
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Chip Set Manufacturers
204
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ROM BIOS

• Flash ROM allows the ROM BIOS to be upgraded
  without changing the ROM chip

206 caution
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Buses and Expansion Slots

• Todays PCs have four or five buses, each with
  different speeds, access methods, and protocols
• Bus evolution
• So many buses because single speed is not
  practical
• A bus carries electrical power, control signals,
  memory addresses, and data
• On-board ports

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Buses Listed by Throughput
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Relationship of CPU Speed to Bus Speed

• When the multiplier that determines CPU speed is
  large, overall performance of system is not as
  good as when multiplier is small
• Change the speed of a computer by
• Changing speed of system bus, or
• Changing multiplier that determines speed of CPU

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CPU and Bus Speeds
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Hardware Configuration

• Tells CPU what hardware components are present in
  the system and how they are set up to interface
  with the CPU
• Provided on motherboard in three ways
• DIP switches
• Jumpers
• CMOS

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Setup Data Stored by DIP Switches
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Setup Data Stored by Jumpers
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Setup Data Stored by Jumpers
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Setup Data Storedon a CMOS Chip

• Store configuration information
• Changing CMOS using the setup program
• Battery power to the CMOS chip
• Setting startup passwords in CMOS

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How to Access CMOS Setup
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How to Access CMOS Setup
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How to Access CMOS Setup
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How to Access CMOS Setup
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How to Access CMOS Setup
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Battery Power to CMOS Chip
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Types of CMOS Batteries

• 3.6 V lithium battery with a four-pin connector
  connects with a Velcro strip
• 4.5 V alkaline battery with a four-pin connector
  connects with a Velcro strip
• 3.6 V barrel-style battery with a two-pin
  connector soldered on
• 3 V lithium coin-cell battery (most common)

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Coin-Cell CMOS Battery
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CMOS

• Setting startup passwords in CMOS
• Categories of CMOS settings
• Standard CMOS setup
• Advanced CMOS setup (aka BIOS Features setup)
• Advanced Chip Set Setup
• Power Menu (aka Power Management)
• IDE HDD Auto-detect Hardware Device Settings (on
  jumperless motherboards only)

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Protecting Documentation and Configuration
Settings

• Keep well-labeled, written record of
• All changes you make to CMOS
• Records of hardware and software installed
• Network settings
• Keep documentation up to date and in a safe place
• Saving and restoring CMOS settings using a
  third-party utility software

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Building a ComputerAn Introduction

• Verify you have all parts
• Prepare computer case
• Install drives
• Determine configuration settings for motherboard
• Set jumpers or switches on motherboard
• Install CPU and CPU cooler
• Install RAM
• Install motherboard and attach cabling

continued
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Building a ComputerAn Introduction

• Install video card
• Plug computer into power source attach monitor
  and keyboard
• Boot system and enter CMOS setup
• Make sure settings are set to the default
• If booting from a floppy insert bootable setup
  disk
• Observe POST
• Prepare hard drive for the OS

continued
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Building a ComputerAn Introduction

• Reboot the system and run ScanDisk on drive C
• Connect the mouse
• Install OS from CD or floppy
• Change boot order in CMOS
• Check for conflicts with system resources
• Install expansion cards and/or drives
• Verify all is operating properly make final OS
  and/or CMOS adjustments

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Installing the Motherboard

• Preparing the motherboard to go into the case
• Setting the jumpers
• Adding the CPU, fan, and heat sink
• Installing the motherboard in the case
• Completing the installation

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Adding the CPU
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Adding the Fan
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Adding the Fan
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Adding the Fan
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Adding the Fan
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Installing the Motherboardin the Case

• Install the faceplate
• Install the standoffs
• Place motherboard inside case and attach it
• Connect power cord from power supply to P1 power
  connection on motherboard
• Connect wire leads from front panel of case to
  motherboard reset switch, HDD LED, speaker,
  power LED, remote switch

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Installing the Faceplate
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Installing the Faceplate
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Placing Motherboard in Case
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Connecting the Wire Leads
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Orienting the Connector on Motherboard Pins
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Troubleshooting the Motherboard

• Look for clues from POST
• Reports errors as beep codes
• Cautiously substitute good hardware components
  for those you suspect are bad

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Information about Beep Codes
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Chapter Summary

• How components of a computer work in harmony and
  with accuracy
• The motherboard
• Central site of computer logic circuitry
• Location of the most important microchip in the
  computer, the CPU