Nationalism and Romanticism

1
Nationalism and Romanticism

• Emotion vs. Logic

2
Congress of Vienna

• Countries represented
• Austria
• Great Britain
• Prussia
• Russia
• France

3
Congress of Vienna

• Leading players
• Frederick William III of Prussia
• Alexander I of Russia
• Francis I of Austria
• Klemens von Metternich of Austria

4
Frederick William III - Prussia
5
Francis I - Austria
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Alexander I - Russia
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Metternich - Austria
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Metternich

• Native German
• Served Austrian Empire
• Thought of himself as a European first
• Europe has for a long time held for me the
  significance of a fatherland.
• Considered French to be his first language
• Austrian foreign minister from 1809-1848
• These years known as the Age of Metternich

9
Metternich

• Disliked and distrusted the democratic ideals of
  the French Revolution
• Convinced that Napoleons warlike dictatorship
  was the natural outcome of democratic experiments
• Conservative
• The first and greatest concern for the immense
  majority of every nation is the stability of laws
  never their change.

10
Metternich

• Three goals for Congress of Vienna
• Strengthen the countries that surround France to
  prevent future aggression
• Restore a balance of power so that no country was
  a threat to others
• Restore the royal families to the thrones they
  held before the Napoleonic conquests

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Encirclement of France

• Austrian Netherlands combined with Dutch Republic
  to form Kingdom of the Netherlands
• Group of 39 German states loosely joined in a
  German Confederation, dominated by Austria
• Switzerland recognized as an independent and
  neutral country
• Kingdom of Sardinia strengthened with addition of
  Piedmont and Genoa

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Balance of Power

• Wanted to weaken but not destroy France
• If this happened a new country might become to
  strong and threaten others
• France required to give up all land Napoleon had
  taken
• France kept
• Army
• Independent government
• Overseas possessions

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Balance of Power

• Austria gained
• Venetia
• Lombardy
• Russia gained
• Poland
• Prussia gained
• Land in the Rhine Valley
• Great Britain gained
• Additional overseas territories

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Legitimacy

• France
• Louis XVIII returned to power
• Bourbon rulers restored in
• Spain
• Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
• Habsburg rulers restored in some states of
  northern Italy

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Major Success

• Congress of Vienna brought peace to Europe
• No major power was involved in a war until 1853
• Crimean War
• No major war until 1914
• World War I

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New Political Philosophies

• Conservatism
• Liberalism
• Radicalism

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Conservatism

• Argued that revolution had caused nothing but
  harm
• Believed in protecting the traditional forms of
  government
• Moderates
• Believed in limited monarchy
• Extremists
• Believed in absolute monarchy

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Liberalism

• Approved of early reforms of French Revolution
• Hated violence of the Reign of Terror
• Supported limited parliaments
• Only property owners and rich could vote
• Feared the mob
• Appealed to upper bourgeoisie, business leaders,
  and merchants

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Radicalism

• Favored drastic and, if necessary, violent change
• Supporters of democratic government
• Believed governments should follow ideals of the
  French Revolution
• Drew support from working class, intellectuals,
  and students

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Conservatives Control Europe

• Britain
• Constitutional monarchy
• Parliament had much power
• Far from a democracy
• Most MPs were wealthy landowners
• Electorate was only a fraction of the population
• More open government than any other country in
  Europe

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Conservatives Control Europe

• Central and Eastern Europe
• Absolute monarchs
• Russia
• Prussia
• Austria
• Holy Alliance
• Above stated countries promised to help one
  another if any were threatened by reformers or
  revolutionaries

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Conservatives Control Europe

• France
• Again controlled by the Bourbons
• Shared power with Chamber of Deputies
• Less democratic than Britain
• 1 out of every 300 French men could vote

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Nationalism

• Nationalism
• Belief that a persons greatest loyalty is to a
  nation-state
• Nation
• A group of people who share
• Similar traditions
• History
• Language
• Live in the same geographic area

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Nationalism

• Nation-state
• A nation united under its own government
• Forming a nation-state became the goal of the
  lives of nationalist groups
• Nation-states in 1815
• France
• Spain

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Spread of Nationalism

• Born in the French Revolution
• Our life, our goods, and our talents do not
  belong to us. It is to the nation, to France,
  everything belongs!
• Spread by the revolutionary armies and the armies
  of Napoleon
• Success of French armies sowed the seed of failure

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Greece

• First new nation-state to gain freedom
• For hundreds of years Greece had been part of the
  Ottoman Empire
• Revolt breaks out in 1821
• Gains independence after war in 1830

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Italy

• In 1815, divided into many states
• Young Italy
• Founded by Giuseppe Mazzini in 1831
• Mostly middle-class members
• Gained little support from the masses
• Verdi
• Vittorio Emmanuel Re di Italia
• Final unification in 1870

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Germany

• Most of Germany was divided into 39 independent
  countries
• Grossdeutschland
• Proposed unification of Germany which included
  the Austrian Empire
• Kleindeutschland
• Proposed unification of Germany which excluded
  the Austrian Empire

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Romanticism
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Romanticism

• Reaction against the establishment
• Rebellion against the orderly, rational approach
  of writers, such as Voltaire, and musicians, such
  as Mozart

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Lord Byron

• My Soul is
  Dark                    
• My soul is dark - Oh!
  quickly string                         The harp
  I yet can brook to hear                     And
  let thy gentle fingers fling                     
      Its melting murmurs o'er mine ear.
                      If in this heart a hope be
  dear,                         That sound shall
  charm it forth again                     If in
  these eyes there lurk a tear,                    
       'Twill flow, and cease to burn my brain.
•                     But bid the strain be wild
  and deep,                         Nor let thy
  notes of joy be first                     I
  tell thee, minstrel, I must weep,
                          Or else this heavy heart
  will burst                     For it hath been
  by sorrow nursed,                         And
  ached in sleepless silence, long
                      And now 'tis doomed to know
  the worst,                         And break at
  once - or yield to song.

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Percy Bysshe Shelley

• A Lament             
• O world! O life! O time!
• On whose last steps I climb,
• Trembling at that where I had stood before
• When will return the glory of your prime?
• No more--Oh, never more!
• Out of the day and night
• A joy has taken flight
• Fresh spring, and summer, and winter hoar,
• Move my faint heart with grief, but with delight
• No more--Oh, never more!

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John Keats

• Asleep
• Asleep! O sleep a little while, white pearl!
  And let me kneel, and let me pray to thee, And
  let me call Heavens blessing on thine eyes, And
  let me breathe into the happy air, That doth
  enfold and touch thee all about, Vows of my
  slavery, my giving up, My sudden adoration, my
  great love!

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Four Characteristics of Romanticism

• (1) Heavy emphasis on emotion and passion
• Stressed feeling over thinking
• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
• What I know, anyone can know, but my heart is my
  own, peculiar to itself.

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Four Characteristics of Romanticism

• (2) Emphasis on the individual
• Celebrated individuals, heroic rebels
• King Arthur
• Napoleon
• It mattered little if the individual was a
  revolutionary or a king
• Heroic action was what counted

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Four Characteristics of Romanticism

• (3) Celebration of nature
• Loving descriptions of countryside and rural life
• Emily Brontë
• Wrote of the windswept moors of northern England

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Four Characteristics of Romanticism

• (4) Glorified the past
• Yearned for the good old days
• A past that seemed more noble than what the
  present offered
• Looked longingly to a pre-industrial age
• Deeds of kings, knights, and outlaws seemed more
  worthy of poetry than those of factory owners and
  railway engineers