Title: The Solid Waste Context and Carbon Finance Influences for Developing Countries
1The Solid Waste Context and Carbon Finance
Influences for Developing Countries
- Sandra Cointreau
- World Bank
- Solid Waste Management Advisor
- July 2005
2Most disposal is by open dumping
- 0-10 safe disposal in Low Income Countries.
- 10-50 safe disposal in Middle Income Countries.
- 90-100 safe disposal in High Income Countries.
3Frequent disposal issues in lower income
countries
- Disposal is by open dumping, usually with open
burning. - Waste pickers sort through the dumpsites for
recyclables. - Waste pickers are usually children or women of
child-bearing age.
4Intestinal Parasite Infection Among Waste Pickers
- 65 incidence in Bangkok, Thailand
- 98 incidence in Manila, Philippines (child waste
pickers only) - 97 incidence in Olinda, Brazil
- 92 incidence in Calcutta, India
5Particulate Levels
- Up to 25 times Higher at open dumps than in
nearby residential areas (Thailand, Philippines
local studies)
6Pulmonary Function
- 23 Dumpsite Workers with Abnormal Pulmonary
Function. (India local study) - 40 Dumpsite Waste Pickers with Abnormal
Pulmonary Function. (Thailand local study) - 53 Dumpsite Child Waste Pickers with Abnormal
Pulmonary Function. (Philippines local study)
7Blood Lead Levels
- 70 Dumpsite Children Pickers above WHO lead
guideline -- children pickers mean lead was 2.5
times higher than in control slum children.
(Philippines local study)
8Slides at Open Dumps
- Istanbul, Turkey
- 39 killed, 1993
- O Portino, Spain
- 1 killed, 1994
- Calcutta, India
- 2 killed, 1992
- Manila, the Philippines
- over 200 killed, 2000
- Bandung, Indonesia
- Over 200 killed, 2005
9Animal Diseases
- Most dumpsites have foraging domestic animals.
- Slaughter waste and animal waste is eaten raw or
recycled into animal and poultry feed leading to
disease transmission.
10Developing Country Waste Conditions are Different
- Waste quantities lower per capita.
- Waste character different in each category.
- Local temperatures, humidity, and rainfall
levels usually higher. - Waste management total costs lower, but many
cost elements are equivalent (e.g., equipment,
fuel, construction materials).
11Waste Character in Developing Countries
- Vegetable/putrescible material 2-3 times higher
-- 40 to 80 by weight. - Recyclable paper, plastic, metal, glass 2-5
times lower -- 5 to 15. - Inert fines 2-5 times higher -- 20 to 40.
- Moisture content 2-4 times higher -- 40 to
70. - Density 2-3 times higher -- 300 to 400
kg/cu.mtr in non-compaction collection truck
12Unique Waste Issues in Developing Countries
- Calorific values are 2-3 times lower, e.g.,
800 to 1,300 kcal/kg, versus over 2,200 to 2,600
kcal/kg. - Landfill biodegradation occurs much faster in
warm humid climates, e.g., mostly over 3-10
years, versus 6-20 years.
13Waste Quantities
- MIXED URBAN WASTE -LARGE CITIES
-
-
kg/capita/day collection safe
disposal - Low Income 0.5 to 0.7 10-50
0-10 - Middle Income 0.6 to 1.1 30-90
20-60 - High Income 0.8 to 2.2 100
90-100
14Waste Management Costs (US/tonne)
- Low-Mid Income
High Income - Collection Costs 20-45
60-120 - Transfer Costs 8-12
15-25 - Sanitary Landfill Costs 6-15
20-50 - Compost Costs 10-25
25-50 - Anaerobic Digestion 30-50
50-80 - Incineration Costs 70-120
100-170 - revenues depend on local energy costs and
special pricing for renewal energy, compost
market demand, and demand for secondary materials.
15Past Investments Few Successes
- Sanitary landfills were built, but municipal
operations seldom maintained design expectations,
many became open dumps. - Compost plants were built, but local farmers
could not pay enough to cover the higher costs of
composting over landfill, most were closed. - Incinerators were built, but local wastes did not
have sufficient calorific value to sustain
combustion, most were closed .
16New Horizons with Carbon Funds
- World Bank manages carbon funds totaling over
1billion, paying 4/tonne of avoided CO2
(84/tonne of avoided methane expressed as C02
equivalent). - Carbon finance can be used for any technology
that leads to carbon emission reduction/avoidance,
including their energy offsets. - Carbon financing provides hard currency
motivation for operations to follow design
because money is provided only for verified
annual carbon emission reductions. - Application can be made for systems implemented
already, after Kyoto ratification.
17Carbon Finance Opportunities
- Collection fuel offsets for improved vehicle
fuel use maintenance, emission control
improvements, or use of alternative fuels with
low emissions. - Transfer fuel offsets and vehicle emission
reduction due to fewer vehicles traveling long
distances to disposal/treatment (4-10 collection
vehicles load 1 transfer vehicle). - Recycling energy offsets from capturing
inherent energy from original raw material and
product production activities, versus reusing
recyclable materials for production.
18Carbon Finance Opportunities (tCO2e), tCO2eGHG
per tonne of solid waste)
- Baseline Sanitary landfill with no gas capture
(3.67), 3.46 (analysis for organic fraction of
waste only) - Sanitary landfill with flaring (1.24), 1.04
- Sanitary landfill with flaring and energy offset
- (1.13), 0.98
- Compost (1.28), 0
- Anaerobic digestion and energy offset (0.39),
lt0 - Incineration and energy offset (0), lt0
19Complex Technology Choices
- Technology choices must be sustainable
financially and easily operable by low-income
municipalities. - Holistic decision-making needs to consider all
emissions, energy consumption, and costs from
collection to final disposal. - Life-cycle modeling of emissions, energy
consumption, and costs is a useful tool to be
applied to developing country use (e.g., USA EPA
holistic decision model).
20No Perfect Choices
L Low, M Medium, H High Red Color
Best
21Issues to consider
- Compost, anaerobic digestion, incineration, and
transfer give immediate carbon reductions. - Compost and transfer very economic, anaerobic
digestion and incineration are very costly. - Sanitary landfill needs 4-6 years of waste
buildup to over 10 m depth before gas capture,
thus up to 30 leakage. - Sanitary landfill is the least cost disposal
option and always needed for residuals.
22Obstacles to Success
- Qualifying for carbon funds is complex.
- Central government technical support to
municipalities is useful to help them access
carbon funds. - Operating facilities well to obtain annual
revenues from carbon funds requires skill. - Private sector operators may be needed for their
skills and adherence to contractual performance
standards. - Not all countries are able to attract private
sector partners to due to investment and payment
risks.
23Contact for information
- scointreau_at_worldbank.org
- http//www.worldbank.org/urban/solid waste/
- Thank you for being here!