The Cell Cycle

1
I
The Cell Cycle
2
II
Cyclins/cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs)
3
Cyclin/CDK complexes and the mammalian cell cycle
II
4
I
Cell cycle checkpoints
5
Ras and cell cycle activation
I
6
Activation of Ras
I
7
Restriction point regulation
IV/V
8
IV
Retinoblastoma
9
I
Initiation of replication by Cyclin A/CDK 2
10
I
G2/M checkpoint
11
I
The stages of Mitosis
12
I
Cyclin A/CDK 2 promotes nuclear envelope
disassembly
13
III
Anaphase promoting complex
14
III
Separation of sister chromatids
15
III
Spindle assembly checkpoint
16
Chromosome segregation checkpoint
III
17
Table 23-2. Viruses Associated with Human
Cancers VI VIRUS ASSOCIATED
TUMORS AREAS OF HIGH INCIDENCE DNA
Viruses Papovavirus family Papillomavirus warts
(benign) worldwide (many distinct
strains) carcinoma of the uterine
cervix worldwide Hepadnavirus family
Hepatitis-B virus liver cancer (hepatocellular
carcinoma) Southeast Asia, tropical
Africa Herpesvirus family Epstein-Barr
virus Burkitt's lymphoma West Africa, Papua
New (cancer of B lymphocytes) Guinea
nasopharyngeal carcinoma southern China,
Greenland RNA viruses Retrovirus family Human
T-cell leukemia adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
Japan, West Indies virus type I (HTLV-1)
Human immuno-deficiency Kaposi's sarcoma
Central and Southern Africa For all the above
viruses, the number of people infected is much
larger than the numbers who develop cancer the
viruses must act in conjunction with other
factors. Moreover, some of the viruses contribute
to cancer only indirectly for example, HIV, by
upsetting normal cell- mediated immune defenses,
allows endothelial cells to be transformed by
another virus (a type of herpesvirus) and thrive
as a tumor instead of being destroyed by the
immune system.
18
VI
Mechanism of oncogenesis by HBV