WHICH TEACHING MODEL WORKS BEST

1
WHICH TEACHING MODEL WORKS BEST? Model 2006 Wk
1 Assign Wk 2 Quiz -
Review/Discuss Model 2007 Wk 1 Assign -
Review/Discuss Wk 2 Quiz Model 2008
? Wk 1 PREview Wk 2 Assign - Quiz -
Discuss Weekly quizzes?
2
Does the Behaviorist Manifesto deserve its
place as one of the most important works in the
history of psychology? Is it possible to
formulate a strict logical-positivist paradigm
for psychology, or is something lost? How
significant is behaviorisms contribution to our
understanding of psychology? Next week Was the
shift to cognitive science a revolution or
paradigm shift or mere elaboration of
mediational behaviorism? Does the concept of
information bring a dualism back into
psychology, as Leahey suggests?
3
Mid-Twentieth Century to Today 1950 Jean
Piaget publishes Introduction to Genetic
Epistemology Alan Turing publishes Computing
Machinery and Intelligence 1956 Jerome Bruner
publishes A Study of Thinking George Miller
publishes The Magical Number Seven 1957 Skinner
publishes Verbal Behavior Noam Chomsky
publishes Syntactic Structures 1958 Newell,
Shaw, and Simon cross over from computer science
and report general theory of problem solving in
Psychological Review 1959 Chomsky publishes
critical review of Verbal Behavior 1961 The
Brelands publish The Misbehavior of
Organisms 1967 Ulric Neisser publishes textbook
Cognitive Psychology 1975 Journal of
Experimental Psych divided and info proc
dominates 1977 Cognitive Science launched as
multi-disciplinary journal David Marr and
Tomaso Poggio propose three levels of
analysis 1986 David Rumelhart and group publish
Parallel Distributed Processing 1988 Paul
Smolensky distinguishes conscious and intuitive
processors 1991 Daniel Dennett publishes
Consciousness Explained 1997 Steven Pinker
publishes and popularizes How the Mind Works

4
The Concept of Mediation A Stage Between
S-R Behaviorism and Symbolic
Information Processing Charles Osgood argued
that junkshop psychology could be avoided by
expanding the S-R formulation to permit internal,
unobservable responses and stimuli (denoted small
s and r). Some internal responses would have
no purpose other than acting as internal stimuli
to other internal responses.
observable Sinternal rsrsrsobservable
R This built on Hulls fractional anticipatory
goal response A rat salivates at impending
reward Salivation acts as internal, unobserved
stimuli Causes rate to turn in direction of food
goal too early and pure stimulus act A
response whose only purpose is to serve as
internal stimuli for a subsequent response. The
mediationists abandoned peripheralism symbols in
the brain were now permitted, as in Neal
Millers liberalized S-R- theory
5
Skinner vs. Chomsky on Language
Both books appeared in 1957
6
Noam Chomsky (1928 -
) Linguist libertarian socialist and
anarcho-syndicalist. Most cited source of any
living scholar (1980 1992)
(Arts and Humanities Citation Index).
7
Piaget One of the founders of the New
Structuralism
8
(No Transcript)
9
(No Transcript)
10
Social psychology provided an alternative to
behaviorism. Dissonance theory provided a
cognitive alternative.
Leon Festinger (1919 -1989)
11
Jerome Bruners studies in the new look in
perception made the subject an active participant
rather than merely a passive receiver of
external stimuli. His later studies of
thinking and the process of categorization
helped lay the groundwork for cognitive science.
Jerome Bruner (1915 - )
12
With the birth of artificial intelligence and
robotics, the ancient dream of mechanizing mind
became more possible. Cognitive science has
turned out that much can be learned by
identifying and solving the engineering problems
involved in perception, intelligence, and action.
13
Alan Turing was a British mathematician who
made important contributions to computability
theory before turning his attention to biology
and artificial intelligence.
14
The Enigma was a cryptographic device used by the
Nazis to encode their communications. It was
secretly broken by the Allies using the Bombe, an
electromechanical device that found the
encryption code for the Enigma each day. It
helped pave the way for general purpose computers.
15
(No Transcript)
16
The Turing Test inspired an early, satirical,
attempt to create a computerized Rogerian
therapist, Eliza http//www-ai.ijs.si
/cgi-bin/eliza/eliza_script
17
Alan Turing (1912
1954) A father of computer science and an early
theorist in AI
18
(No Transcript)
19
From stimuli to information Does
information bring a dualism back into
psychology, as Leahey suggests? Does the
concept of information have surplus meaning,
such as implying or requiring an
interpreter? Information is always about
something (like Brentanos mental/intentional
states).
20
Behaviorist S-R models replaced by information
processing models From observable S ---gt
internal rsrs---gt observable R To
Internal computations Information
input---gt Information processing ---gt Output
The
program
21
Allan Newell and Herbert Simon, in their work on
the GPSthe General Problem Solver---helped
define a new information processing approach to
psychology.
22

From thisto this.
Finally, the reflex arc and its more
elaborate behaviorist version---mediational
psychology--- are replaced by information
processing models.
23
Flow chart of sexual
arousal Love poem of the
cognitive psychologist?
24
Flowchart models became the theoretical
language of cognitive psychology
25
Jerry Fodor (1935 - ) has
articulated a new form of functionalism and has
advocated a modularity view of the mind,
harkening back to Gall and the faculties of
phrenology.
26
The new functionalism Mental states are
defined by their causal interactions with each
other and with inputs and outputs.
27
The syntax is fine, but the semantics are
meaningless. Can a computer learn, or be
programmed, to recognize this?
Syntax is the study of the logical rules that
govern the way words combine to form phrases and
phrases combine to form sentences. Semantics
refers to the meaning that is expressed in a
language, code, or other form of
representation. A persistent question in AI and
cognitive science is whether computers, which are
electronic rule-followers, are capable of
modeling and explaining semantics and meaning
28

29
Daniel Dennetts challenge How can we program
the robot to remove only the battery? The
frame problem describes the difficulty of
limiting the set of beliefs to change when an
action is performed. How can only the relevant
implications be identified?
30
Because the number of combinations and
permutations in a game like chess increases
expotentially, some way to narrow the possible
implications of a move is needed to avoid a
computational explosion.
31
David Rumelharts work on parallel distributed
processing helped bring connectionism into the
cognitive science mainstream.
32
Connectionism was independently formulated by
some of the brightest minds of the 20th Century,
including the economist and political philosophy
Friedrich Hayek. In 1952 he published a
connectionist neuro-psychological theory he had
first formulated in 1920. (The Sensory Order An
Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical
Psychology, 1952)
Friedrich Hayek (1899 -1992)
33
Neural nets seek to simulate the functions of
neurons. They have proven especially useful for
modeling learning. Neural nets are a
sophisticated exploration of ideas dating back
to the associationism of the 19th century
and Thorndikes Law of Effect.
34
Marr and Poggios (1977) Levels of Analysis
in Cognitive Neurosceince 1) The problem faced
by a system, such as vision (the cognitive
or computation level) 2) The strategy that may
be used (algorithm level) 3) How it is
actually done in the brain and nervous
system (implementation level)
35
David Marr (1945 1980) developed a
computational model of human vision that involved
five stages using different representations at
each stage. Stage two--the raw primal
sketchuses variation in light intensity to
identify boundaries, which is used by the next
stage to identify objects in the visual field.
36
Paul Smolensky distinguished conscious
and intuitive processors, and argued the
human mind/brain contains both.
37
Gazzaniga, Ivry and Mangun coined the term
cognitive neuroscience in the late 1970s to
describe the study of how the brain enables
the mind.
38
Steven Pinkers books articulate a
computational model of mind that also integrates
insights from evolutionary psychology.
39
(No Transcript)
40
(No Transcript)
41
New Mysterians like Colin McGinn find reasons
to believe that we are cognitively unequipped to
understand the nature of consciousness and its
relation to the brain. What do YOU think?