Negative Contact

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Framework
Prejudice
Negative Contact
Discrimination
Stereotypes
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Discrimination
Causes of
How to reduce it
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What is discrimination?

• Unequal treatment or behavior toward members of
  different groups
• E.g., Dear White Boss article, Black bosses with
  black subordinates are more likely to be
  scrutinized
• Qs Differences in consequences of
• Stereotypes vs. prejudice vs. discrimination?

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What causes discrimination?
Attitudes toward discrimination
Intention To discriminate
Discriminatory Behavior
Subjective Norms for Discrimination
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What are attitudes?

• Evaluative thoughts feelings
• Vs Stereotypes?
• Vs. Prejudice?

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Attitudes
Evaluations
Negative Thoughts
Negative Feelings
Prejudice
Negative Associations
Positive Associations
Stereotypes
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What affects attitudes toward discrimination?
Belief that discrimination leads to certain
outcomes
Value of outcomes of discrimination
Attitudes toward Discrimination
Intention to discriminate
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What causes discrimination?
Attitudes toward discrimination
Intention To discriminate
Discriminatory Behavior
Subjective Norms for Discrimination
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What are subjective norms?

• What do you think other people think/feel about
  something?
• Vs. Attitudes?

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What affects subjective norms toward
discrimination?
Persons belief that others want person to
discriminate
Persons motivation to comply with others wishes
Subjective Norms for Discrimination
Intention to discriminate
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Beliefs that discrimination leads to certain
outcomes
Attitudes toward discrimination
Value of outcomes of discrimination
Intention To discriminate
Belief that others want person to discriminate
Subjective Norm
Motivation to comply with others wishes
Putting it together What causes discrimination?
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Discrimination
Causes of
How to reduce it
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• Change beliefs about rewards vs. costs of
  discriminatory behavior
• e.g. expectation of reward for hiring visible
  minorities

Change Attitudes toward discrimination
Change value of outcomes of discrimination e.g.
lawsuits for discrimination
How to directly change attitudes?
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Change beliefs about rewards vs. costs of
discriminatory behavior

• Change awareness of definition results of
  discrimination
• E.g., Using weight as a criterion for hiring
  can result in lawsuit if weight is not
  established as a BFOQ

Change Attitudes
Change value of outcomes of discrimination
How to indirectly change attitudes?
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How to directly change subjective norms?
Change norm e.g., CEOs public behavior
Change persons motivation to comply with
(unchanged) norm
Change perception of norm (awareness)
Subjective Norms for Discrimination
Intention to discriminate
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Application of model

• Change perceptions of costs of discriminating
  against Gays
• E.g., Removal of student from residence hall for
  repeat offences, or in-admission into residence
  halls in subsequent years

Attitudes toward gays
Intention to Discriminate Against gays
Change belief that others Approve of
discrimination Toward gays e.g., Popular
(influential) students beliefs about gay
harassment
Subjective Norm to Discriminate against gays
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Processes underlying Managing Diversity

• Changes in structure, practices, incentives,
  norms to promote fairness changes behavior and
  attitudes
• Theory of reasoned action
• Reinforcement theory
• Negative sanctions toward discriminatory behavior
  reduces it
• Theory of reasoned action
• Reinforcement theory

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Processes underlying Valuing Diversity Organizatio
nal Values

• When authority figures emphasize fairness or
  equality values (e.g., in mission statement) AND
  follow up with own behavior or implement relevant
  rules, THEN behavior changes
• Theory of reasoned action

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When behavior changes first.. Cognitive
Dissonance Theory
Discriminatory Attitude
Non-discriminatory behavior
Dissonance
Discomfort
Derogate non-performed alternative (e.g.,
attitude)
Change Attitude toward discrimination to be
consistent with behavior
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• Non discriminatory behaviors
• e.g., Choose to argue against your position
  voluntarily Cooperate w/ outgroup

Discriminatory Attitude
Dissonance
Insufficient justification for voluntary behavior
Change Attitude toward discrimination
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Beliefs that discrimination leads to certain
outcomes
Attitudes toward discrimination
Value of outcomes of discrimination
Intention To discriminate
Belief that others want person to discriminate
Subjective Norm
Motivation to comply with others wishes