Computer Systems Technology Topic Three Processor Technology Brian Hall from notes kindly supplied b

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Computer Systems TechnologyTopic ThreeProcessor
Technology Brian Hall (from notes kindly
supplied by George South)
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AN INTRODUCTION TO THE x86 MICROPROCESSOR FAMILY

• The x86 microprocessor family currently extends
  from the Intel 8088 microprocessor (used in the
  first PC) to the latest dual and quad core
  products used in modern PCs and Servers
• However a modern x86 processor can process data
  more than

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THE 8088 ARCHITECTURE (Real-mode x86
Architecture)

• The microprocessor family used for the PC is
  based on the 8088
• All Intel x86 family processors continue to
  support the 8088 architecture
• The 8088 architecture was the basis of MSDOS and
  the memory model for MSDOS (640k of RAM), related
  directly to the 20-bit address bus of the 8088

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Address Adder
Scratch Pad Registers
AH
AL
AX
Segment Registers
BH
BL
BX
20
CH
CL
CX
DH
DL
IP
DX
16-bit
CS
SP
SS
BP
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Bus Interface Logic
DS
DI
ES
SI
16
16
16
EU Control
Multiplexed Address/Data Buses
ALU
4 byte instruction queue
Temporary Registers
EXECUTION UNIT
BUS INTERFACE UNIT
Flag Register
THE 8088 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
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QUIZ

• State whether the 8088 is an 8 or a 16-bit
  microprocessor .. justify your answer
• Conclusion

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THE INTEL Core 2 Duo MICROPROCESSOR

• The Intel Core 2 Duo is one of the latest
  products in the Intel x86 range
• The Core 2 Duo is binary compatible with all
  previous x86 processors
• Why is this important ?

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Application Areas for modern x86 processors
include

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Features of the Intel Core 2 Duo - a

• Intel Core Duo current generation x86 product
  using 45 nanometre (one millionth of a
  millimetre) manufacturing process

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Features of the Intel Core Duo - b

• Uses Intels new Micro-architecture
• Designed to deliver highest performance in
  video, graphics, multimedia and other
  sophisticated applications
• Up to a 1333 MHz System Bus
• High bandwidth between the processor and the
  rest of the system improves throughput and
  performance
• 2 MB L2 Cache standard (some versions 6 MByte)
• Enhances performance by providing fast access to
  heavily used data and instructions

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Features of the Intel Core Duo - c

• Hyper-Pipelined Technology
• Streaming SIMD Extensions SSE 1/2/3/4 ?
• 128-Bit Floating Point Arithmetic

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Features of the Intel Core Duo - d

• Advanced Dynamic Execution
• Improved branch prediction enhances performance
  for all applications by optimising instruction
  sequences
• Thermal Monitoring
• Execution Trace Cache
• Greatly improves instruction cache efficiency,
  maximising performance on frequently used
  sections of software code

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Overview of x86 Processor Family - a
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Overview of x86 Processor Family - b
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List of Intel Technologies

• Eeach of the following technologies affects the
  performance of a modern micro
• L2 cache
• Clock speed
• FSB (due late 2008 Nehalem will use QuickPath)
• HT
• Dual Core/ Quad core
• SpeedStep
• Extended Memory 64-bit Technology
• Execute Disable Bit
• SSE 2/ 3/ 4 Streaming SIMD Extensions (Single
  Instruction Multiple Data)

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Examples of Intel desktop processors

• Intel Core 2 Range
• Intel Core2 Extreme Processor
• Intel CoreTM 2 Quad
• Intel CoreTM 2 Duo
• Intel Pentium Range
• Intel Pentium 4 processor HT
• Intel Celeron Range
• Intel Celeron D processor

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Notes on modern x86 processors

• Real-mode (MS-DOS mode)
• Protected-mode (Windows mode)